"Motor City" redirects here. For other uses see Motor City (disambiguation). This article is about the city in Michigan. For other uses see Detroit (disambiguation). Detroit   City   Top: Downtown Detroit Skyline. Middle: Renaissance Center (General Motors World Headquarters) Woodward Avenue. Bottom: Detroit Institute of Arts Comerica Park Flag Seal Nickname(s): The Motor City Motown Renaissance City The D Hockeytown Rock City Motto: "Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus" (Latin for "We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes") Location in Wayne County Michigan Detroit Location in the United States Coordinates: 421953N 830245W / 42.33139N 83.04583W / 42.33139; -83.04583Coordinates: 421953N 830245W / 42.33139N 83.04583W / 42.33139; -83.045831 Country United States State Michigan County Wayne Founded 1701 Incorporation 1806 Government  - Type Mayor-Council  - Mayor Dave Bing (D)  - City Council Members Charles Pugh - Council President Gary Brown - Council President Pro-Tem JoAnn Watson Kenneth Cockrel Jr. Saunteel Jenkins Andre Spivey James Tate Brenda Jones Kwame Kenyatta Area  - City 143.0 sq mi (370.4 km2)  - Land 138.8 sq mi (359.5 km2)  - Water 4.2 sq mi (10.9 km2)  - Urban 1295 sq mi (3354 km2)  - Metro 3913 sq mi (10134.6 km2) Elevation1 600 ft (183 m) Population (2010)23  - City 713777  - Rank 18th in U.S.  - Density 5142/sq mi (1985.3/km2)  - Urban 3863924  - Metro 4296250  - CSA 5218852 Demonym Detroiter Time zone EST (UTC-5)  - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4) Area code(s) 313 FIPS code 26-220004 GNIS feature ID 16179591 Major airport Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) Website DetroitMI.gov

Detroit (pronounced /ditrt/5) is the largest city in the state of Michigan and the seat of Wayne County. Detroit is a major port city on the Detroit River in the Midwest region of the United States. It was founded on July 24 1701 by the Frenchman Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. Its name originates from the French word dtroit (pronounced: detwa ( listen)) for strait6 in reference to its location on the river connecting the Great Lakes.

Known as the world's traditional automotive center7 "Detroit" is a metonym for the American automobile industry and an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames the Motor City and Motown.89 Other nicknames emerged in the 20th century including City of Champions beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport10 Arsenal of Democracy (during World War II)11 The D D-Town Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club the Red Wings) Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City") and The 3-1-3 (its telephone area code).1213

In 2010 the city had a population of 713777 and ranked as the 18th most populous city in the United States.214 At its peak in 1950 the city was the fifth-largest in the U.S.A. but has since seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs.

The name Detroit sometimes refers to the Metro Detroit area a sprawling region with a population of 4296250 for the Metropolitan Statistical Area15 making it the U.S.A.'s eleventh-largest and a population of 5218852 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census Bureau estimates.3 The DetroitWindsor area a critical commercial link straddling the CanadaU.S. border has a total population of about 5700000.16 Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Architecture 4 Culture and contemporary life 4.1 Entertainment and performing arts 4.2 Tourism 4.3 Sports 4.4 Media 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Law and government 7.1 Politics 7.2 City planning 7.3 Crime 8 Education 8.1 Colleges and universities 8.2 Primary and secondary schools 8.2.1 Public schools and charter schools 8.2.2 Private schools 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Health systems 9.2 Transportation 9.2.1 Air 9.2.2 Mass transit 9.2.3 Freeways 10 Sister cities 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Municipal government and local Chamber of Commerce 13.2 Visitor's Guide 13.3 Historical research and current events History Main article: History of Detroit

The city name comes from the Detroit River (French: le dtroit du Lac ri) meaning the strait of Lake Erie linking Lake Huron and Lake Erie; in the historical context the strait included Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River.17 Traveling up the Detroit River on the ship Le Griffon (owned by Cavelier de La Salle) Father Louis Hennepin noted the north bank of the river as an ideal location for a settlement.

There in 1701 the French officer Antoine de La Mothe Cadillac along with fifty-one additional French-Canadians founded a settlement called Fort Ponchartrain du Dtroit naming it after the comte de Pontchartrain Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. France offered free land to attract families to Detroit which grew to 800 people in 1765 the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans.18 Ste. Anne de Dtroit founded in 1701 is the second oldest continuously operating Roman Catholic parish in the U.S.A. The present church was completed in 1887.19

Franois Marie Picot sieur de Belestre (Montreal 17191793) was the last French military commander at Fort Detroit (17581760) surrendering the fort on November 29 1760 to the British. The region's fur trade was an important economic activity. Detroit's city flag reflects this French heritage. (See Flag of Detroit Michigan).19

During the French and Indian War (1760) British troops gained control and shortened the name to Detroit. Several tribes led by Chief Pontiac an Ottawa leader launched Pontiac's Rebellion (1763) including a siege of Fort Detroit. Partially in response to this the British Royal Proclamation of 1763 included restrictions on white settlement in unceded Indian territories. Detroit passed to the United States under the Jay Treaty (1796). In 1805 fire destroyed most of the settlement. A river warehouse and brick chimneys of the wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.20

From 1805 to 1847 Detroit was the capital of Michigan. As the city expanded the street layout plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory was followed. Detroit fell to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit was recaptured by the United States in 1813 and incorporated as a city in 1815.19 Prior to the American Civil War the city's access to the Canadian border made it a key stop along the underground railroad.21 Then a Lieutenant the future president Ulysses S. Grant was stationed in the city. His dwelling is still at the Michigan State Fairgrounds. Because of this local sentiment many Detroiters volunteered to fight during the American Civil War including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade) which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at Gettysburg in 1863. Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying Thank God for Michigan! Following the death of President Abraham Lincoln George Armstrong Custer delivered a eulogy to the thousands gathered near Campus Martius Park. Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the American Civil War and called them the Wolverines.22 During the late 19th and early 20th centuries many of the city's Gilded Age mansions and buildings arose. Detroit was referred to as the Paris of the West for its architecture and for Washington Boulevard recently electrified by Thomas Edison.19 Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway Detroit emerged as a transportation hub. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping shipbuilding and manufacturing industries. In 1896 a thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue. Ford Piquette Avenue Plant (1904) a National Historic Landmark. In 1903 Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford's manufacturingand those of automotive pioneers William C. Durant the Dodge brothers Packard and Walter Chryslerreinforced Detroit's status as the world's automotive capital; it also served to encourage truck manufacturers such as Rapid and Grabowsky.19 With the introduction of Prohibition smugglers used the river as a major conduit for Canadian spirits organized in large part by the notorious Purple Gang.23 Strained racial relations were evident in the 1920s trial of Dr. Ossian Sweet a black Detroit physician acquitted of murder. A man died when shots were fired from Ossian's house into a threatening mob who gathered to try to force him out of a predominantly white neighborhood.24 Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument of the Civil War in Campus Martius Park. Labor strife climaxed in the 1930s when the United Auto Workers became involved in bitter disputes with Detroit's auto manufacturers. The labor activism of those years brought notoriety to union leaders such as Jimmy Hoffa and Walter Reuther. The 1940s saw the construction of the world's first urban depressed freeway the Davison25 and the industrial growth during World War II that led to Detroit's nickname as the Arsenal of Democracy.26 Industry spurred growth during the first half of the 20th century as the city drew tens of thousands of new residents particularly workers from the Southern United States to become the U.S.A.'s fourth largest. At the same time tens of thousands of European immigrants poured into the city. Social tensions rose with the rapid pace of growth. The color blind promotion policies of the auto plants resulted in racial tension that erupted into a full-scale riot in 1943.27 Consolidation during the 1950s especially in the automobile sector increased competition for jobs. An extensive freeway system constructed in the 1950s and 1960s had facilitated commuting. The Twelfth Street riot in 1967 as well as court-ordered busing accelerated white flight from the city. Commensurate with the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs the city's tax base eroded. In the years following Detroit's population fell from a peak of roughly 1.8 million in 1950 to less than half that number today.19 Randolph Street Commercial Buildings Historic District dates from the 1840s. The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 impacted the U.S. auto industry as small cars from foreign makers made inroads. Heroin and crack cocaine use afflicted the city with the influence of Butch Jones Maserati Rick and the Chambers Brothers. Renaissance has been a perennial buzzword among city leaders reinforced by the construction of the Renaissance Center in the late 1970s. This complex of skyscrapers designed as a city within a city together with other developments slowed and eventually began to reverse the trend of businesses leaving Downtown Detroit by the late 1990s.192829 The Renaissance Center along the International Riverfront. In 1980 Detroit hosted the Republican National Convention which nominated Ronald Reagan to a successful bid for President of the United States. By then nearly three decades of inadequate policies and crime had caused areas like the Elmhurst block to decay.19 During the 1980s vacant structures were demolished to make way for redevelopment.19 In the 1990s the city began to receive a revival with much of it centered in the Downtown Midtown and New Center areas. One Detroit Center (1993) arose on the city skyline. In the ensuing years three casinos opened in Detroit: MGM Grand Detroit MotorCity Casino and Greektown Casino which debuted as resorts in 200708. New downtown stadiums were constructed for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions in 2000 and 2002 respectively; this put the Lions' home stadium in the city proper for the first time since 1974. The city also saw the historic Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel reopen for the first time in over 20 years.28 The city hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game 2006 Super Bowl XL 2006 World Series WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and the NCAA Final Four in April 2009 all of which prompted many improvements to the downtown area. The city's riverfront is the focus of much development following the example of Windsor Ontario which began its waterfront parkland conversion in the 1990s; in 2007 the first portions of the River Walk were laid including miles of parks and fountains. This new urban development in Detroit is a mainstay in the city's plan to enhance its economy through tourism.29 Along the river developers are constructing upscale condominiums such as Watermark Detroit. Some city limit signs particularly on the Dearborn border say "Welcome to Detroit The Renaissance City Founded 1701."1328 Geography Topography A simulated-color satellite image of the Detroit metro area including Windsor across the river taken on NASA's Landsat 7 satellite. According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area of 143.0 square miles (370 km2); of this 138.8 square miles (359 km2) is land and 4.2 square miles (11 km2) is water. Detroit is the principal city of the Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan regions. The highest elevation in the city is in the University District neighborhood in northwestern Detroit west of Palmer Park sitting at a height of 670 feet (200 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along its riverfront sitting at a height of 579 feet (176 m). Detroit completely encircles the cities of Hamtramck and Highland Park. On its northeast border are the communities of Grosse Pointe. A view of the city from Belle Isle Park. The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands coastal wetlands marshes shoals and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline. Three road systems cross the city: the original French template radial avenues from a Washington D.C.-inspired system and true northsouth roads from the Northwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the U.S.Canadian border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada. Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the DetroitWindsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the DetroitWindsor Truck Ferry located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island the southwest part of the city sits atop a 1500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.3031 Climate Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Koppen Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes. Winters are cold with moderate snowfall and temperatures at night dropping below 0 F (17.8 C) around six times per year while summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 F (32.2 C) on 12 days.32 Snowfall which typically peaks from December to through February averages 43.3 inches (110 cm) per season. Monthly averages range from 24.5 F (4.2 C) in January to 73.5 F (23.1 C) in July. The highest recorded temperature was 105 F (40.6 C) on July 24 1934 while the lowest recorded temperature was 21 F (29.4 C) on January 21 1984.33 Climate data for Detroit (Detroit Metro Airport) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high F (C) 67 (19.4) 70 (21.1) 82 (27.8) 89 (31.7) 95 (35) 104 (40) 105 (40.6) 104 (40) 100 (37.8) 92 (33.3) 81 (27.2) 69 (20.6) 105 (40.6) Average high F (C) 31.1 (0.5) 34.4 (1.33) 45.2 (7.33) 57.8 (14.33) 70.2 (21.22) 79.0 (26.11) 83.4 (28.56) 81.4 (27.44) 73.7 (23.17) 61.2 (16.22) 47.8 (8.78) 35.9 (2.17) 58.4 (14.67) Average low F (C) 17.8 (7.9) 20.0 (6.7) 28.5 (1.9) 38.4 (3.56) 49.4 (9.67) 58.9 (14.94) 63.6 (17.56) 62.2 (16.78) 54.1 (12.28) 42.5 (5.83) 33.5 (0.83) 23.4 (4.8) 41.0 (5) Record low F (C) 21 (29.4) 20 (28.9) 4 (20) 8 (13.3) 26 (3.3) 36 (2.2) 42 (5.6) 38 (3.3) 29 (1.7) 17 (8.3) 0 (17.8) 11 (23.9) 21 (29.4) Precipitation inches (mm) 1.91 (48.5) 1.88 (47.8) 2.52 (64) 3.05 (77.5) 3.05 (77.5) 3.55 (90.2) 3.16 (80.3) 3.10 (78.7) 3.27 (83.1) 2.23 (56.6) 2.66 (67.6) 2.51 (63.8) 32.89 (835.4) Snowfall inches (cm) 11.3 (28.7) 9.2 (23.4) 6.8 (17.3) 1.7 (4.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) .3 (0.8) 2.9 (7.4) 11.1 (28.2) 43.3 (110) Avg. precipitation days ( 0.01 in) 13.4 11.3 12.7 12.6 11.6 10.1 9.6 9.5 9.9 9.8 12.3 13.9 136.7 Avg. snowy days ( 0.1 in) 10.9 7.9 5.5 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 .3 3.5 9.0 39.2 Sunshine hours 120.9 138.4 186.0 216.0 275.9 303.0 316.2 282.1 228.0 176.7 105.0 86.8 2435.0 Source no. 1: NOAA (normals 19712000 records 18742009) 3233 Source no. 2: HKO (sun 19611990) 34 Cityscape Detroit International Riverfront Architecture Main article: Architecture of metropolitan Detroit Cadillac Place (1923) left with the Fisher Building (1928) are among the city's National Historic Landmarks. Wayne County Building (1897) downtown by John and Arthur Scott. Seen in panorama Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern neogothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the citys Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are U.S.A.'s largest Fox Theatre the Detroit Opera House and the Detroit Institute of Arts.3536 While the downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core residential high-rises are found in neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit is near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College which anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods Sherwood Forest and the University District. The National Register of Historic Places lists several area neighborhoods and districts. Neighborhoods constructed prior to World War II feature the architecture of the times with wood frame and brick houses in the working class neighborhoods larger brick homes in middle class neighborhoods and ornate mansions in neighborhoods such as Brush Park Woodbridge Indian Village Palmer Woods Boston-Edison and others. St. Joseph Catholic Church (1873) is a notable example of Detroit's ecclesial architecture. The oldest neighborhoods are along the Woodward and East Jefferson corridors while neighborhoods built in the 1950s are found in the far west and closer to 8 Mile Road. Some of the oldest extant neighborhoods include West Canfield and Brush Park. Both have seen multi-million dollar restorations and construction of new homes and condominiums.2837 Detroit Financial District viewed from the International Riverfront. Many of the city's architecturally significant buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places and the city has one of U.S.A.'s largest surviving collections of late 19th and early 20th century buildings.36 There are a number of architecturally significant churches and cathedrals including St. Joseph's St. Mary's and Ste. Anne de Detroit.35 There is substantial activity in urban design historic preservation and architecture.38 A number of downtown redevelopment projectsof which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notablehave revitalized parts of the city. Grand Circus Park stands near the city's theater district Ford Field home of the Detroit Lions and Comerica Park home of the Detroit Tigers.35 The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three and one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks residential buildings and commercial areas from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two mile (3 km) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8 km) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the riverfront properties condemned under eminent domain with their pedestrian parks will spur more residential development. Other major parks include Palmer (north of Highland Park) River Rouge (in the southwest side) and Chene Park (on the east river downtown).39 Culture and contemporary life New Center summer events with Cadillac Place in the background. Downtown Detroit is growing in its population of young professionals and retail is expanding.404041 A number of luxury high rises have been built. The east river development plans include more luxury condominium developments. A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted young professionals to take up residence among the mansions of Grosse Pointe just outside the city.42 Detroit's proximity to Windsor Ontario provides for views and nightlife along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19.43 Entertainment and performing arts Main articles: Culture of Detroit Music of Detroit Theatre in Detroit and Detroit celebrities Fox Theatre lights up 'Foxtown' in downtown Detroit Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s bringing the city recognition under the nickname Motown. The metropolitan area has many nationally prominent live music venues. Concerts hosted by Live Nation perform throughout the Detroit area. Large concerts are held at DTE Energy Music Theatre and The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Detroit Theatre District is the U.S.A.'s second largest and hosts Broadway performances.4445 Major theaters include the Fox Theatre Music Hall the Gem Theatre Masonic Temple Theatre the Detroit Opera House the Fisher Theatre The Fillmore Detroit St. Andrews Hall and Orchestra Hall which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.13 Movie studios are planned for the metro area. Motown Motion Picture Studios with 600000 square feet (56000 m2) will produce movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4000 people in the metro area.46 Greektown Historic District in Detroit. The city of Detroit has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to a number of different genres over the decades leading into the new millennium.13 Important music events in the city include: the Detroit International Jazz Festival the Detroit Electronic Music Festival the Motor City Music Conference (MC2) the Urban Organic Music Conference the Concert of Colors and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.13 In the 1940s blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta Blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s the city became a center for jazz with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.47 Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.48 Other prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s was Nolan Strong Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer - who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune which also released country gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s laid the groundwork for Motown which became Detroit's most legendary record label.49 MGM Grand Detroit. Berry Gordy Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder The Temptations The Four Tops Smokey Robinson & The Miracles Diana Ross & The Supremes the Jackson 5 Martha and the Vandellas The Spinners Gladys Knight & the Pips and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by the Funk Brothers the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman's 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown based on Allan Slutsky's book of the same name. The Motown Sound played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music since it was the first African American owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin another Detroit R&B star carried the Motown Sound; however she did not record with Berry's Motown Label.13 Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including: the MC5 The Stooges Bob Seger Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels Rare Earth Alice Cooper and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs such as The Necros The Meatmen and Negative Approach.49 In 1990s and the new millennium the city has produced a number of influential artists including Eminem the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales and hip-hop producer J Dilla. Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music.1950 Prominent Detroit Techno artists include Juan Atkins Derrick May and Kevin Saunderson. The band Sponge toured and produced music with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker.1349 The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes The Von Bondies The Dirtbombs Electric Six and The Hard Lessons.13 Tourism Main article: Tourism in metropolitan Detroit Detroit Institute of Arts Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts the Detroit Historical Museum Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History the Detroit Science Center as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights in Detroit include Motown Historical Museum the Pewabic Pottery studio and school the Tuskegee Airmen Museum Fort Wayne the Dossin Great Lakes Museum the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD) the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID) and the Belle Isle Conservatory. In 2010 the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16000-square-foot (1500 m2) complex in Midtown. Important history of Detroit and the surrounding area is exhibited at The Henry Ford the U.S.A.'s largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.5152 The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches skyscrapers and mansions. Inside Detroit meanwhile hosts tours educational programming and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.35 Eastern Market. The city's Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.53 On Saturdays about 45000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market.54 The Midtown and the New Center area are centered on Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers;55 for example the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350000 people.55 Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival International Jazz Festival the Woodward Dream Cruise the African World Festival the Detroit Hoedown Noel Night and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown Campus Martius Park hosts large events including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924 America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.56 River Days a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.135758 Dotty-Wotty House - a part of the Heidelberg Project. An important civic sculpture in Detroit is Marshall Fredericks' "Spirit of Detroit" at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.59 A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16 1986. The sculpture commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.60 Artist Tyree Guyton created the controversial street art exhibit known as the Heidelberg Project in 1986 using found objects including cars clothing and shoes found in the neighborhood near and on Heidelberg Street on the near East Side of Detroit.13 Guyton continues to work with neighborhood residents and tourists in constantly evolving the neighborhood-wide art installation. Sports Looking toward Ford Field the night of Super Bowl XL. Further information: Sports in Detroit and U.S. cities with teams from four major sports Detroit is one of 13 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers) Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions) and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname "Hockeytown".13 In college sports Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000 the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004 and annually attracts 25000 to 30000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December. Sailboat racing is a major sport in the Detroit area. Lake Saint Clair is home to many yacht clubs which host regattas. Bayview Yacht Club the Detroit Yacht Club Crescent Sail Yacht Club Grosse Pointe Yacht Club The Windsor Yacht Club and the Edison Boat Club each participate in and are governed by the Detroit Regional Yacht-Racing Association or DRYA. Detroit is home to many One-Design fleets including but not limited to North American 40s Cal 25s Cuthbertson and Cassian 35s Crescent Sailboats Express 27s J 120s J 105 Flying Scots and many more. The Crescent Sailboat NA-40 and the L boat were designed and built exclusively in Detroit. Detroit also has a very active and competitive junior sailing program. Ford Field home of the Detroit Lions Since 1916 the city has been home to Unlimited Hydroplane racing held annually (with exceptions) on the Detroit River near Belle Isle. Often the hydroplane boat race is for the APBA Challenge Cup more commonly known as the Gold Cup (first awarded in 1904 created by Tiffany) which is the oldest active motorsport trophy in the world.61 The city hosted the Detroit Indy Grand Prix on Belle Isle Park from 1989 to 2001 and again in 2007 and 2008. The event generated about $53 million in economic impact for the area.62 In 2007 open-wheel racing returned to Belle Isle with both Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series Racing.63 In the years following the mid-1930s Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers Lions and Red Wings captured all 3 major professional sports championships in a 7 month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936).10 Gar Wood (a native Detroiter) won the Harmsworth Trophy for unlimited powerboat racing on the Detroit River in 1931. In the next year 1932 Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan a black student from Detroit's Cass Technical High School won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Also in 1935 the Detroit Lions won the NFL championship. The Detroit Tigers have won ten American League pennants (The most recent being in 2006) and four World Series titles. In 1984 the Detroit Tigers' World Series championship after which crowds had left three dead and millions of dollars in property damage. The Detroit Red Wings have won 11 Stanley Cups (the most by an American NHL Franchise)64 the Detroit Pistons have won three NBA titles and the Detroit Shock have won three WNBA titles.13 Detroit has the distinction of being the city which has made the most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games: seven unsuccessful bids for the 1944 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 and 1972 games. It came as high as second place in the balloting two times losing the 1964 games to Tokyo and the 1968 games to Mexico City.13 Detroit hosts many WWE events such as the 2007 WWE's WrestleMania 23 which attracted 80103 fans to Ford Field; the event marking the 20th anniversary of WrestleMania III which drew a reported 93173 to the Pontiac Silverdome in nearby Pontiac Michigan in 1987. The city hosted the Red Bull Air Race in 2008 on the International Riverfront. Media Main article: Media in Detroit Detroit Public Library. The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit.65 In December 2008 the Detroit Media Partnership announced that the two papers would reduce home delivery to three days a week print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.66 These changes went into effect in March 2009. Founded in 1980 the Metro Times is a weekly publication covering news arts & entertainment.67 Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America. Covering politics entertainment sports and community events.68 The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States;69 according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV as well as several other cable markets in Ontario such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.69 Detroit has the 11th largest radio market in the United States70 though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.70 Economy Main article: Economy of metropolitan Detroit The Renaissance Center is the world headquarters of General Motors. Detroit and the surrounding region constitute a major manufacturing center most notably as home to the Big Three automobile companies General Motors Ford and Chrysler. The city is an important center for global trade with large international law firms having their offices in both Detroit and Windsor. About 80500 people work in downtown Detroit comprising 21% of the city's employment base.7172 Detroit's six county Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of about 4.3 million and a workforce of about 2.1 million.73 Top City Employers Source: Crains Detroit Business74757677 Rank Company/Organization # 1 Detroit Public Schools 13750 2 City of Detroit 13187 3 Detroit Medical Center 10499 4 Henry Ford Health System 8502 5 U.S. Government 6335 6 Blue Cross Blue Shield 6000 7 Wayne State University 5019 8 State of Michigan 4910 9 General Motors 4652 10 Chrysler 4517 11 U.S. Postal Service 4106 12 Quicken Loans 4000 13 St. John Health System 3818 14 DTE Energy 3771 15 Wayne County 3674 16 MGM Grand Detroit 3000 17 Compuware 2597 18 MotorCity Casino 2424 19 American Axle 1990 20 Greektown Casino 1800 21 Comerica 1706 Labor force distribution in Detroit by category:   Construction   Manufacturing   Trade transportation utilities   Information   Finance   Professional and business services   Education and health services   Leisure and hospitality   Other services   Government Firms in the region pursue emerging technologies including biotechnology nanotechnology information technology and hydrogen fuel cell development. The city of Detroit has made efforts to lure the region's growth companies downtown with advantages such as a wireless Internet zone business tax incentives entertainment an international riverfront and residential high rises. Thus far the city has had some success most notably the addition of Compuware World Headquarters OnStar regional offices of HP Enterprise Services at Tower 500 of the Renaissance Center PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices adjacent to Ford Field and the 2006 completion of Ernst & Young's offices at One Kennedy Square. On November 12 2007 Quicken Loans announced its development agreement with the city to move its world headquarters and 4000 employees to downtown Detroit consolidating its suburban offices a move considered to be a high importance to city planners to reestablish the historic downtown.78 Some Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Detroit include General Motors auto parts maker American Axle & Manufacturing and DTE Energy.79 Other major industries include advertising law finance chemicals and computer software. Medical research centers and service providers such as the Detroit Medical Center and Henry Ford Hospital are major employers in the city.13 Compuware World Headquarters viewed from Bagley Memorial Fountain on Cadillac Square. Casino gaming plays an important economic role with Detroit the largest city in the United States to offer casino resort hotels. Caesars Windsor Canada's largest complements the MGM Grand Detroit MotorCity Casino and Greektown Casino in Detroit. Though the casinos have brought new tax revenue and jobs to the city the city still has high unemployment. Gaming revenues have grown steadily with Detroit ranked as the fifth largest gambling market in the U.S.A. for 2007. When Casino Windsor is included Detroit's gambling market ranks third or fourth. In an effort to support spending within the city certain business owners set up "mints" to distribute the Detroit Community Scrip. The scrip is used at local clubs and bars to ensure some dollars stay within the city by establishing a note that is only legal tender at certain places. There are about four thousand factories in the area.80 The domestic auto industry is primarily headquartered in Metro Detroit. New vehicle production sales and jobs related to automobile use account for one of every ten jobs in the United States.81 The area is also an important source of engineering job opportunities. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150000 jobs in the Windsor-Detroit region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the City of Detroit's international border crossing.82 The Detroit area is accustomed to the economic cycles of the auto industry. A rise in automated manufacturing using robotic technology has created related industries in the area; inexpensive labor in other parts of the world and increased competition have led to a steady transformation of certain types of manufacturing jobs in the region with the Detroit area gaining new lithium ion battery plants.838485 In addition to property taxes residents pay an income tax rate of 2.50%.86 In December 2010 the Department of Labor reported metropolitan Detroit's unemployment rate at 11.1%87 with the city's unemployment rate for December 2010 at 19.1%.73 One Detroit Center overlooks the city's financial district. The city has cleared sections of land while retaining a number of historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment;88 though the city has struggled with finances it issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.89 In 2006 downtown Detroit reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.28 In decade leading up to 2006 downtown Detroit gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.90 The Detroit automakers and local manufacturing have made significant adjustments in response to market competition from foreign rivals. The 2000s energy crisis the subsequent Late-2000s recession and the increasingly unwieldy burden of employee retirement and healthcare costs have all been implicated.9192 Concern among analysts over restored profits fueled economic uncertainty in 2008-09 in the metro Detroit area.93 In January 2009 President Barack Obama formed an automotive task force in order to facilitate economic recovery. The severity of the recession required Detroit's automakers to take additional steps to restructure including idling many plants. With the U.S. Treasury extending the necessary debtor in possession financing Chrysler and GM emerged from 'pre-packaged' Chapter 11 reorganizations in June and July 2009 respectively.94 GM began the initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.95 General Motors has invested heavily in all fuel cell equipped vehicles96 while Chrysler has focused research and development into biodiesel. In August 2009 Michigan and Detroit's auto industry received $1.36 B in grants from the U.S. Department of Energy for the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries.97 For 2010 the domestic automakers have reported significant profits indicating the beginning of rebound.98 99100101 Demographics See also: Demographic profile of Detroit Per Capita Income by location. Dotted line represents city boundary. In 2010 the city had 713777 residents.2 The name Detroit sometimes refers to Metro Detroit a six-county area with a population of 4296250 for the Metropolitan Statistical Area15 making it the U.S.A.'s eleventh-largest and a population of 5218852 for the nine-county Combined Statistical Area as of the 2010 Census Bureau estimates.3 The Detroit-Windsor area a critical commercial link straddling the Canada-U.S. border has a total population of about 5700000.16 Immigration continues to play a role in the region's projected growth.102 Historical populations Census City103 Metro104 Region105 1820 1422 N/A N/A 1830 2222 N/A N/A 1840 9102 N/A N/A 1850 21019 N/A N/A 1860 45619 N/A N/A 1870 79577 N/A N/A 1880 116340 N/A N/A 1890 205877 N/A N/A 1900 285704 542452 664771 1910 465766 725064 867250 1920 993678 1426704 1639006 1930 1568662 2325739 2655395 1940 1623452 2544287 2911681 1950 1849568 3219256 3700490 1960 1670144 4012607 4660480 1970 1514063 4490902 5289766 1980 1203368 4387783 5203269 1990 1027974 4266654 5095695 2000 951270 4441551 5357538 2010 713777 4296250 5218852 *Estimates 23 Metro: Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) Region: Combined Statistical Area (CSA) About 33.8% of city residents lived below the federal poverty level in 2007 the highest among large U.S. cities.106107 In contrast Metro Detroit suburbs are among the more affluent in the U.S.108 The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century fed largely by an influx of European Middle Eastern (Lebanese)(Assyrian/Chaldean) and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry.109 However since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910 fewer than 6000 blacks called the city home;110 in 1930 more than 120000 blacks lived in Detroit.111 The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century.112 The city population dropped from its peak of 1849568 in 1950 to 713777 in 2010 in part due to urban flight to the suburbs and a change in its jobs base.113 In the first decade of the 21st century about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit.114 As of the 2000 Census there were 951270 people 336428 households and 218341 families residing in the city. The population density was 6855.1 people per square mile (2646.7/km). There were 375096 housing units at an average density of 2703.0 units per square mile (1043.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 81.6% Black 12.3% White 1.0% Asian 0.3% Native American 0.03% Pacific Islander 2.5% other races 2.3% two or more races and 5.0% Hispanic (mostly Puerto Rican and Mexican). The city's foreign-born population is at 4.8%. Estimates from the 2009 American Community Survey showed the foreign-born population have risen to 6.6%.115 There were 336428 households out of which 33.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them 26.7% were married couples living together 31.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 35.1% were non-families 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.2% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.45. There is a wide age distribution in the city with 31.1% under the age of 18 9.7% from 18 to 24 29.5% from 25 to 44 19.3% from 45 to 64 and 10.4% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over there were 83.5 males. For the 2000 Census median household income in the city was $29526 and the median income for a family was $33853. Males had a median income of $33381 versus $26749 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14717. 21.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population 34.5% of those under the age of 18 and 18.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. A 2007 Social Compact report showed the city of Detroit's median household income at $34512 a 12% increase over the Census estimate.116 According to a 2011 report 47 percent of city residents are functionally illiterate;117 this means that they have difficulty performing basic everyday tasks such as reading labels or filling out forms. Law and government Further information: Government of Detroit and List of mayors of Detroit Coleman A. Young Municipal Center houses the City of Detroit offices. The historic Guardian Building is Wayne County headquarters. The city government is run by a mayor and nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974 Detroit has had a "strong mayoral" system with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals in the year after presidential elections (so that there are Detroit elections scheduled in 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 etc.).118 Following a November 2009 referendum seven council members will be elected from districts beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.119 Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the 30 Sixth District Court as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. Detroit has several sister cities including Chongqing (People's Republic of China) Dubai (United Arab Emirates) Kitwe (Zambia) Minsk (Belarus) Nassau Bahamas Toyota (Japan) and Turin (Italy).120 Politics Politically the city consistently supports the Democratic Party in state and national elections (local elections are nonpartisan). According to a study released by the Bay Area Center for Voting Research Detroit is the most liberal large city in America121 measuring only the percentage of city residents who voted for the Democratic Party.122 In 2000 the City requested an investigation by the United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.123 Urban development in Detroit has been an important issue. In 1973 the city elected its first black mayor Coleman Young. Despite development efforts his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many whites.124 Mayor Dennis Archer a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown.125 Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick resigned his office effective September 19 2008 after pleading guilty to two counts of obstruction of justice and no contest to one count of assaulting and obstructing a police officer.126127 Kilpatrick was succeeded in office on an interim basis by City Council President Kenneth Cockrel Jr. until a May 2009 special election in which businessman and former Detroit Pistons star Dave Bing was elected Mayor for the remaining duration of Kilpatrick's term. Bing has since been re-elected to his first full term of office and is Detroit's current mayor. In March 2010 Bing announced a request for a recount of the city's 2010 census figures.128 City planning Further information: Neighborhoods in Detroit Urban development in Detroit and Public housing in Detroit Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown Midtown and New Center areas feature many historic buildings and are high density while further out particularly in the northeast and on the fringes129 the city reported increased vacancies in 2009 for which a number of solutions have been proposed. In 2007 Downtown Detroit was named 18th (out of 35) best neighborhood in which to retire among the U.S.A.'s 30 largest metro areas by CNN Money Magazine editors.130 Historic homes in the Indian Village neighborhood on the east side. Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighorhood on the city's east side part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district.131 The 78-acre (32 ha) urban renewal project was originally called the Gratiot Park Development. Planned by Mies van der Rohe Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated.131 Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization especially in southwest Detroit.132 Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years as evidenced by new housing increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.133 Historic restoration of the Lucien Moore House (1885) in Brush Park completed in 2006.134 Detroit has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.129 The 2009 residential lot vacancy in Detroit was 27.8% up from 10.3% in 2000 with the population continuing to shrink and foreclosures that exacerbate the problem. An estimated 20 to 30 percent of lots are vacant.129 A 2009 parcel survey found 33527 or 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied but recommended that only one percent or 3480 of the city's housing units be demolished.129135 In 2010 the city began using federal funds on its quest to demolish 10000 empty residential structures. About 3000 of these of the residential structures were torn down in 2010.136 A number of solutions have been proposed for dealing with the shrinkage including resident relocation from more sparsely populated neighborhoods and converting unused space to agricultural use though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to another two years.89137 Mayor Bing has also proposed a plan to cut off municipal services including garbage pickup and police sweeps for the more sparsely-populated 20% of the city's area.138 In April 2008 the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax.89 The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois Brightmoor East English Village Grand River/Greenfield North-End and Osborn.89 Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts.139140 Crime Main article: Crime in Detroit Although crime has declined significantly since the 1970s the violent crime rate is one of the highest in the U.S.A. while the chances are roughly 1 in 16 to be a victim of a property crime.141 The city had the sixth highest number of violent crimes among the 25 largest U.S. cities in 2007.142 The rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008.143 Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1000 residents for property crimes and 16.73 per 1000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1000 for property crimes and 5 per 1000 for violent crime in 2008).141 The city's downtown is far safer by comparison with a 2006 study showing crime in downtown Detroit to be much lower than national state and metro averages.144 According to a 2007 analysis Detroit officials note that about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related.145 Education Colleges and universities See also: Colleges and universities in Metro Detroit Old Main a historic building at Wayne State University. Commons at University of Detroit Mercy Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area. Other institutions in the city include the University of Detroit Mercy with its schools of Law Dentistry and Nursing the College for Creative Studies Lewis College of Business Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009 the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The Detroit College of Law now affiliated with Michigan State University was founded in the city in 1891 and remained there until 1997 when it relocated to East Lansing. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959 University of MichiganDearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn. Primary and secondary schools Public schools and charter schools With about 84000 public school students (201011)146 the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district is the largest school district in Michigan. Detroit has an additional 54000 charter school students for a combined enrollment of about 138000 students.147 In the mid-to-late 1990s the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education was re-established following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new 11-member board of education occurred on November 8 2005.148 Due to growing Detroit Charter Schools enrollment the city planned to close many public schools.147 State officials report a 68% graduation rate for Detroit's public schools adjusted for those who change schools.149150 Detroit public school system students recently received the lowest test scores ever recorded by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).151 Private schools Detroit is served by various private schools as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the city along with those in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs.152153 There are 23 Catholic high schools in the Archdiocese of Detroit.154 Of the three Catholic high schools in the city two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.154155 Infrastructure Health systems St. John Hospital & Medical Center in Detroit. Within the city of Detroit there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC) Henry Ford Health System St. John Health System and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC a regional Level I trauma center consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center Children's Hospital of Michigan Harper University Hospital Hutzel Women's Hospital Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan Sinai-Grace Hospital and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2000 licensed beds and 3000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit.156 The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine the largest single-campus medical school in the United States and the U.S.A.'s fourth largest medical school overall.156 Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30 2010 as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment.157158 Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations.158 In 2010 Henry Ford Health System in the New Center also announced a $500 M expansion in Detroit with plans for a biomedical research center.159 The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital St. Joseph's and University of Michigan Medical Center. Transportation Main article: Transportation in metropolitan Detroit With its proximity to Canada and its facilities ports major highways rail connections and international airports Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings the Ambassador Bridge Detroit-Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel linking Detroit to Windsor Ontario. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.160 Air Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) the area's principal airport is located in nearby Romulus and is a primary hub for Delta Air Lines and a secondary hub for Spirit Airlines. Bishop International Airport (FNT) in Flint Michigan is the second busiest commercial airport in the region. Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET) previously called Detroit City Airport is on Detroit's northeast side. Although Southwest Airlines once flew from the airport the airport now maintains only charter service and general aviation.161 Willow Run Airport in far-western Wayne County near Ypsilanti is a general aviation and cargo airport. Mass transit People Mover train comes into the Renaissance Center station Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. Ridership on the region's mass transit systems increased by 8.4% in 2006.162 The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) provides service to the outer edges of the city. From there the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by Transit Windsor via the Tunnel Bus.163 It is also possible for those who cross to Detroit on the tunnel bus to use a Transit Windsor transfer for transfers onto Detroit Smart buses allowing for travel around Metro Detroit from a single fare. An elevated rail system known as the People Mover completed in 1987 provides daily service around a 2.9 miles (4.7 km) loop downtown. The Woodward Avenue Light Rail beginning in 2013 will serve as a link between the Detroit People Mover and SEMCOG Commuter Rail which extends from Detroit's New Center area to The Henry Ford Dearborn Detroit Metropolitan Airport Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor164165 Amtrak provides service to Detroit operating its Wolverine service between Chicago and Pontiac. Baggage cannot be checked at this location; however up to two suitcases in addition to any "personal items" such as briefcases purses laptop bags and infant equipment are allowed on board as carry-ons. The Amtrak station is located in the New Center area north of downtown. The J.W. Westcott II which delivers mail to lake freighters on the Detroit River is the world's only floating post office.166 Freeways Main article: Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free expressway system administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 and Interstate 96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (The Chrysler and Fisher Freeways) is the region's main north-south route serving Flint Pontiac Troy and Detroit before continuing south (as the Detroit-Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie. I-94 (The Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east-west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. I-96 runs northwest-southeast through Livingston Oakland and Wayne Counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit. I-275 runs north-south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 (The Chrysler Spur) is a short spur route in downtown Detroit an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (The Reuther Freeway) runs east-west from the junction of I-96 and I-275 providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan State highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways. Sister cities Detroit has seven sister cities as designated by Sister Cities International: 167 Toyota Japan168 Dubai United Arab Emirates Turin Italy169 Kitwe Zambia Minsk Belarus Nassau Bahamas Chongqing P.R. China References a b c "Detroit". 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Army to create jobs in Warren expansion.Detroit Free Press. "FAQS City of Detroit". http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/Finance/IncomeTaxDivision/FAQs/tabid/1654/Default.aspx. Retrieved May 3 2010.  Bureau of Labor Statistics (1/2011). Table 1. Civilian labor force and unemployment by state and metropolitan area. U.S. Department of Labor. Morice Zach (September 21 2007).Planting community in fallow fields.American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on December 23 2009. a b c d Next Detroit. City of Detroit. Retrieved on January 2 2009. The Urban Markets Initiative Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program The Social Compact Inc. University of Michigan Graduate Real Estate Program (October 2006).Downtown Detroit In Focus: A Profile of Market Opportunity. Downtown Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on July 10 2010. Tom Krisher Associated Press (2008-07-03). "Why Honda is growing as Detroit falls behind / No. 2 Japanese automaker opted to focus on small popular cars - not gas guzzlers". Sfgate.com. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgif/c/a/2008/07/03/BUUM11IVF4.DTL&typeautos. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  Schifferes Steve (February 19 2007). "The decline of Detroit". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6346299.stm. Retrieved March 31 2010.  Ford's Way Forward Business Week Cruise Control Radio Retrieved on April 2 2007. Stoll John D. and Neil King Jr. (July 10 2009).GM Emerges From Bankruptcy.The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 10 2009. Stoll John D. and David McLaughlin (July 2 2009).General Motors Aims for IPO Next Year.The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 10 2009. Kiley David (June 13 2001). GM buys stake in firm tapping hydrogen power. USA Today. Priddle Alisa and David Shepardson (August 6 2009).Mich. gets $1.3B battery jolt.The Detroit News. Retrieved August 6 2009. Shoenberger Robert (May 25 2010).Rebounding auto industry boosts Shiloh Industries' second-quarter sales profit. Cleveland.com. Retrieved on September 18 2010. Schroeder Robert (July 30 2010).Obama says U.S. auto industry on rebound. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on September 9 2010. GM posts profit CEO Whitacre to retire.CNN Money. Retrieved on September 18 2010. Cwiek Sarah (November 30 2010).New study shows strong economic recovery in Metro Detroit. NPR Michigan. Retrieved December 5 2010. Metro Area Factsheet: Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint Michigan CMSA.Federation for Immigration Reform. Retrieved on April 4 2009. Gibson Campbell (June 1998). "POPULATION OF THE 100 LARGEST CITIES AND OTHER URBAN PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1990". Population Division U.S. Bureau of the Census. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html. Retrieved 2010-07-18.  "Detroit MI Population by Decades". U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2000. http://recenter.tamu.edu/data/popmd/pm2160.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-18.  "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING: DECENIAL CENSUS". U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2000. http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/index.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-18.  larger than 250000 "Detroit is poorest big city in U.S. freep.com Detroit Free Press". freep.com. 2008-08-27. http://www.freep.com/article/20080827/NEWS06/808270343/Detroit-is-poorest-big-city-in-U.S. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  "200405 Community profile Oakland County". Archived from the original on 2008-05-28. http://web.archive.org/web/20080528115218/http://www.oakgov.com/peds/assets/docs/communityprofiles/OakCounty.pdf. Retrieved May 5 2009. "Oakland County also ranks as the fourth wealthiest county in the USA among counties with populations of more than one million people."  Baulch Vivian M. (September 4 1999). Michigan's greatest treasure Its people. Michigan History The Detroit News. Retrieved on October 22 2007. Vivian M. Baulch "How Detroit got its first black hospital" The Detroit News November 28 1995. "Important Cities in Black History". Infoplease.com. "Detroit and the Great Migration 19161929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin". Bentley Historical Library University of Michigan. Seelye Katherine Q. (22 March 2011). "Detroit Population Down 25 Percent Census Finds". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/23/us/23detroit.htmlr1. Retrieved 23 March 2011.  Towbridge Gordon. "Racial divide widest in U.S." The Detroit News. January 14 2002. Retrieved on March 30 2009. American FactFinder United States Census Bureau. "Detroit city Michigan - ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2009". Factfinder.census.gov. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTablebmy&-contextadp&-dsnameACS20091YRG00&-treeid309&-redoLogtrue&-callergeoselect&-geoid16000US2622000&-format&-langen. Retrieved 2010-10-15.  Reppert Joe (October 2007).Detroit Neighborhood Market Drill Down. Social Compact. Retrieved on July 10 2010. http://detroit.cbslocal.com/2011/05/04/report-nearly-half-of-detroiters-cant-read/ Ward George E. (July 1993). Detroit Charter Revision - A Brief History. Citizens Research Council of Michigan (pdf file). Nelson Gabe (November 3 2009).Voters overwhelmingly approve Detroit Proposal D.Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on December 23 2009. Online Directory: Michigan U.S.A. (2006). Sister Cities International (accessed April 20 2006). The Bay Area Center for Voting Research (2005-08-11). "The Most Conservative and Liberal Cities in the United States" (PDF). http://alt.coxnewsweb.com/statesman/metro/081205libs.pdf. Retrieved September 12 2009.  Aug 16 2005 12:00 AM (2005-08-16). "Study Ranks America's Most Liberal and Conservative Cities". Govpro.com. http://govpro.com/ar/govimp31439/. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  Lin Judy and David Joser (August 30 2005). Detroit to trim 150 cops precincts. Detroit News. Detroit's 'great warrior' Coleman Young dies (November 29 1997). CNN.com. "ROLLING THE DICE IN A PLACE ONCE FILLED WITH PRIDE." Chicago Tribune. North Sports Final C Edition. January 13 1998. Tempo 1. Retrieved on March 30 2009. "Bill McGraw: Kilpatrick a first for Detroit" Bill McGraw Detroit Free Press March 24 2008 Monica Davey and Nick Bunkley (2008-03-25). "Mayor of Detroit Faces 8 Counts in Perjury Case". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/25/us/25detroit.html. Retrieved May 5 2009.  Hackney Suzette. "Bing: We'll challenge low Detroit Census count seek to ID 40000 more residents." Article at www.freep.com on March 22 2011. 1 a b c d Detroit Parcel Survey. Retrieved on June 24 2010. Bigda Carolyn Erin Chambers Lawrence Lanahan Joe Light Sarah Max and Jennifer Merritt.Detroit Best place to retire: Downtown. CNN Money Magazine. Retrieved on January 2 2009. a b Vitullo-Martin Julio (December 22 2007). The Biggest Mies Collection: His Lafayette Park residential development thrives in Detroit.The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved on January 2 2009. Rodriguez Cindy (May 23 2007).A Detroit success story: Can-do spirit revives southwest neighborhood. Detroit News. teamowners313.wordpress.com. Retrieved on January 2 2009. Williams Corey (February 28 2008).New Latino Wave Helps Revitalize Detroit. USA Today. Retrieved on January 2 2009. Pfeffer Jaime (September 12 2006).Falling for Brush Park.Model D Media. Retrieved on April 12 2011. "Motor City's woes extend beyond auto industry". MSNBC. 2008-12-20. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28327490/page/2/. Retrieved 2009-02-03.  "Crews to start tearing down derelict buildings in Detroit freep.com Detroit Free Press". freep.com. 2010-04-01. http://www.freep.com/article/20100401/NEWS01/304010003/1318/3000-buildings-to-be-torn-down. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  Saulny Susan (June 20 2010). "Razing the City to Save the City". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/21/us/21detroit.html. Retrieved 2010-06-23.  "Less Than a Full-Service City". Dow Jones & CompanyInc.. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703727804576011761173192434.htmlmodWSJWSJUSNews5. Retrieved 2010-12-14.  Community Development.DEGA. Retrieved on January 2 2009. Detroit Neighborhood Fund.Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan. Retrieved January 2 2009. a b "Detroit crime rates and statistics". Neighborhood Scout. http://www.neighborhoodscout.com/mi/detroit/crime/. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  FBI UCR table 6. Retrieved on January 17 2009. "Detroit crime drops". Michigan Live LLC.. http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2009/09/kymworthyonreporteddetroit.html. Retrieved 2009-09-18.  Booza Jason C. (July 26 2006).Reality v. Perceptions: An Updated Analysis of Crime and Safety in Downtown Detroit. Michigan Metropolitan Information Center Wayne State University Center for Urban Studies. Retrieved on January 21 2008. Shelton Steve Malik (January 30 2008).Top cop urges vigilance against crime. Michigan Chronicle. Retrieved on March 17 2008. Mrozowski Jennifer. "DPS Flanagan discuss deficit". Detroit News. http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/articleAID/20081114/SCHOOLS/811140394/1410/METRO01. Retrieved May 5 2009.  a b Hing Julianne (March 17 2010).Where Have All The Students Gone.Color Lines.com. Retrieved on August 19 2010. LewAllen Dave (August 3 2005). Detroiters Vote for New School Board. WXYZ.com. Shultz Marissa and Greg Wilkerson (June 13 2007).Graduation rate.Detroit News.Retrieved on March 17 2009. Detroit Public Schools news (June 15 2007). Retrieved March 9 2011. http://www.freep.com/article/20091208/NEWS01/91208020/Detroit-students-scores-record-low-national-test "Detroit Catholic high school "sees God in the challenges" Education Report". Educationreport.org. http://www.educationreport.org/pubs/mer/article.aspxid7247. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  Pratt Chastity Patricia Montemurri and Lori Higgins. "PARENTS KIDS SCRAMBLE AS EDUCATION OPTIONS NARROW." Detroit Free Press. March 17 2005. A1 News. Retrieved on April 30 2011. a b "Archdiocese of Detroit - Schools". Aodonline.org. http://www.aodonline.org/AODOnline/Catholic+Schools+2159/School+Locator+7699/SchoolLocator.htm#Z. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  "About Detroit Cristo Rey High School". Detroitcristorey.org. http://detroitcristorey.org/about. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  a b Organization History and Profile Wayne State University Retrieved January 24 2011. Anstett Patricia (March 20 2010).$1.5 Billion for new DMC.Detroit Free Press. DMC.org. Retrieved on June 12 2010. a b "For-profit Vanguard signs deal to buy nonprofit Detroit Medical Center - Detroit News and Information - Crain's Detroit Business". Crainsdetroit.com. 2010-06-11. http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20100611/FREE/100619971. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  Greene Jay (April 5 2010).Henry Ford Health System plans $500 million expansion. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on June 12 2010. Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary (May 11 2005). U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved on April 8 2007. Sapte Benjamin (2003). Southwest Airlines: Route Network Development since 1971. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Retrieved on April 20 2006. Retrieved January 24 2011. Foran Janet - MDOT (March 22 2007).Mass tranit ridership jumps in Southeast Michigan. Metromode. Retrieved on July 31 2007. Transit Windsor.. "Routes and Schedules". http://www.citywindsor.ca/000600.asp. Retrieved May 5 2009.  Ann Arbor - Detroit Regional Rail Project SEMCOG. Retrieved on February 4 2010. Transportation Riders United Detroit Transit Options for Growth Study. Retrieved on September 12 2008 America's Floating ZIP Code 48222 J.W. Westcott Homepage. Retrieved on April 8 2007. "Sister Cities Program City of Detroit". www.detroitmi.gov. http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/SisterCitiesProgram/tabid/710/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  "International Sister Cities". City.toyota.aichi.jp. http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/e/info/sister/sistercities.html. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  "Citt di Torino - Relazioni Internazionali". Comune.torino.it. 1998-04-07. http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/cittagemellate/detroit.shtml. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  Further reading Bak Richard (2001). Detroit Across 3 Centuries. Thompson Gale. ISBN 1-58536-001-5.  Burton Clarence M (1896). Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement 17011710. Detroit Society for Genealogical Research. ISBN 0-943112-21-4.  Burton Clarence M (1912). Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time. Burton Abstracts. OCLC 926958.  Catlin George B. (1923). The Story of Detroit. The Detroit News Association.  Chafets Zev (1990). Devil's Night: And Other True Tales of Detroit. Random House. ISBN 0-394-58525-9.  Dunnigan Brian Leigh (2001). Frontier Metropolis Picturing Early Detroit 17011838. Great Lakes Books. ISBN 0-8143-2767-2.  Farley Reynolds et al. (2002). Detroit Divided. Russell Sage Foundation Publications. ISBN 0-87154-281-1.  Farmer Silas. (1884) (Jul 1969) The history of Detroit and Michigan or The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan and the annuals of Wayne County in various formats at Open Library. Farmer Silas (1889). History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan. Omnigraphics Inc; Reprint edition (October 1998). ISBN 1-55888-991-4.  Gavrilovich Peter and Bill McGraw (2000). The Detroit Almanac. Detroit Free Press. ISBN 0-937247-34-0.  Hill Eric J. and John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.  Meyer Katherine Mattingly and Martin C.P. McElroy with Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry Hon A.I.A. (1980). Detroit Architecture A.I.A. Guide Revised Edition. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1651-4.  Parkman Francis (1994). The Conspiracy of Pontiac. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8737-2.  Poremba David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2435-2.  Powell L. P (1901). "Detroit the Queen City" Historic Towns of the Western States (New York). Sharoff Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.  Sobocinski Melanie Grunow (2005). Detroit and Rome: building on the past. Regents of the University of Michigan. ISBN 0-933691-09-2.  Stahl Kenneth (2009). The Great Rebellion: A Socio-economic Analysis of the 1967 Detroit Riot. ISBN 978-0-9799157-0-3.  Sugrue Thomas J (1998). The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05888-1.  Woodford Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 17012001. Wayne State University Press. 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