"Ford" redirects here. For other uses see Ford (disambiguation). Ford Motor Company Type Public company Traded as NYSE: F Industry Automotive Founded June 16 1903 Founder(s) Henry Ford Headquarters Dearborn Michigan U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people William C. Ford Jr. (Executive Chairman) Alan R. Mulally (President & CEO) Products Automobiles Automotive parts Services Automotive finance Vehicle leasing Vehicle service Revenue US$128.954 billion (2010)1 Operating income US$7.149 billion (2010)1 Net income US$6.561 billion (2010)1 Total assets US$165.693 billion (2010)1 Total equity US$-642 million (2010)1 Employees 164000 (2010)1 Divisions Ford Lincoln Subsidiaries Automotive Components Holdings Ford Credit Troller Ford of Europe Ford do Brasil Website Ford.com

Ford Motor Company (NYSE: F) is an American multinational automaker based in Dearborn Michigan a suburb of Detroit. The automaker was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 1903. In addition to the Ford and Lincoln brands Ford also owns a small stake in Mazda in Japan and Aston Martin in the UK. Ford's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover were sold to Tata Motors of India in March 2008. In 2010 Ford sold Volvo to Geely Automobile.2 Ford discontinued the Mercury brand at the end of 2010.

Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines. Henry Ford's methods came to be known around the world as Fordism by 1914.

Ford is the second largest automaker in the U.S. and the fifth-largest in the world based on annual vehicle sales in 2010.3 At the end of 2010 Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe.4 Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion.5 In 2008 Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles6 and employed about 213000 employees at around 90 plants and facilities worldwide. During the automotive crisis Ford's worldwide unit volume dropped to 4.817 million in 2009. In 2010 Ford earned a net profit of $6.6 billion and reduced its debt from $33.6 billion to $14.5 billion lowering interest payments by $1 billion following its 2009 net profit of $2.7 billion.78 Starting in 2007 Ford received more initial quality survey awards from J. D. Power and Associates than any other automaker. Five of Ford's vehicles ranked at the top of their categories9 and fourteen vehicles ranked in the top three.10 Contents 1 Corporate governance 2 Market developments 2.1 "The Way Forward" 3 Brands 4 Global markets 4.1 North America 4.2 Europe 4.3 Asia Pacific 4.4 South America 4.5 Africa and Middle East 5 Environmental initiatives 5.1 Compressed natural gas 5.2 Flexible fuel vehicles 5.3 Electric vehicles 5.3.1 Hybrid electric vehicles 5.3.2 All-electric vehicles 5.4 Hydrogen 5.5 Increased fuel efficiency 5.6 PC Power Management 6 Auto racing 6.1 Stock car racing 6.2 Formula One 6.3 Rally 6.4 Sports cars 6.5 Touring cars 6.6 Other 7 Ford trucks 8 Bus products 9 Ford tractors 10 History 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Ford Motor Company 14 External links Corporate governance Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn Michigan known as the Glass House.

Members of the board as of early 2011 are: Richard A. Gephardt Stephen Butler Ellen Marram Kimberly Casiano Alan Mulally (President and CEO) Edsel Ford II Homer Neal William Clay Ford Jr. (Executive Chairman) Jorma Ollila Irvine Hockaday Jr. John L. Thornton and William Clay Ford Sr. (Director Emeritus).11

The main corporate officers are: Lewis Booth (Executive Vice President Chairman (PAG) and Ford of Europe) Mark Fields (Executive Vice President President of The Americas) Donat Leclair (Executive Vice President and CFO) Mark A. Schulz (Executive Vice President President of International Operations) and Michael E. Bannister (Group Vice President; Chairman & CEO Ford Motor Credit).11 Paul Mascarenas (Vice President of Engineering The Americas Product Development) Market developments

During the mid to late 1990s Ford sold large numbers of vehicles in a booming American economy with soaring stock market and low fuel prices. With the dawn of the new century legacy healthcare costs higher fuel prices and a faltering economy led to falling market shares declining sales and sliding profit margins. Most of the corporate profits came from financing consumer automobile loans through Ford Motor Credit Company.12

By 2005 corporate bond rating agencies had downgraded the bonds of both Ford and GM to junk status13 citing high U.S. health care costs for an aging workforce soaring gasoline prices eroding market share and dependence on declining SUV sales for revenues. Profit margins decreased on large vehicles due to increased "incentives" (in the form of rebates or low interest financing) to offset declining demand.14

In the face of demand for higher fuel efficiency and falling sales of minivans Ford moved to introduce a range of new vehicles including "Crossover SUVs" built on unibody car platforms rather than more body-on-frame chassis. In developing the hybrid electric powertrain technologies for the Ford Escape Hybrid SUV Ford licensed similar Toyota hybrid technologies15 to avoid patent infringements.16 Ford announced that it will team up with electricity supply company Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug-in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar multi-year project Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings" according to Ford.1718

In December 2006 the company raised its borrowing capacity to about $25 billion placing substantially all corporate assets as collateral to secure the line of credit.19 Chairman Bill Ford has stated that "bankruptcy is not an option".20 In order to control its skyrocketing labor costs (the most expensive in the world) the company and the United Auto Workers representing approximately 46000 hourly workers in North America agreed to a historic contract settlement in November 2007 giving the company a substantial break in terms of its ongoing retiree health care costs and other economic issues. The agreement includes the establishment of a company-funded independently run Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA) trust to shift the burden of retiree health care from the company's books thereby improving its balance sheet. This arrangement took effect on January 1 2010. As a sign of its currently strong cash position Ford contributed its entire current liability (estimated at approximately US$5.5 Billion as of December 31 2009) to the VEBA in cash and also pre-paid US$500 Million of its future liabilities to the fund. The agreement also gives hourly workers the job security they were seeking by having the company commit to substantial investments in most of its factories. The automaker reported the largest annual loss in company history in 2006 of $12.7 billion21 and estimated that it would not return to profitability until 2009.22 However Ford surprised Wall Street in the second quarter of 2007 by posting a $750 million profit. Despite the gains the company finished the year with a $2.7 billion loss largely attributed to finance restructuring at Volvo.23 On June 2 2008 Ford sold its Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors for $2.3 billion.2425 In January 2008 Ford launched a website listing the ten Built Ford Tough rules as well as a series of webisodes that parodied the TV show COPS. During November 2008 Ford together with Chrysler and General Motors sought financial aid at Congressional hearings in Washington D.C. in the face of worsening conditions caused by the automotive industry crisis. The three companies presented action plans for the sustainability of the industry.26 The Detroit based automakers were unsuccessful at obtaining assistance through Congressional legislation. GM and Chrysler later received assistance through the Executive Branch from the T.A.R.P. funding provisions.27 On December 19 the cost of credit default swaps to insure the debt of Ford was 68 percent the sum insured for five years in addition to annual payments of 5 percent. That means it costs $6.8 million paid upfront to insure $10 million in debt in addition to payments of $500000 per year.28 In January 2009 Ford announced a $14.6 billion loss in the preceding year making 2008 its worst year in history. Still the company claimed to have sufficient liquidity to fund its business plans and thus did not ask for government aid. Through April 2009 Ford's strategy of debt for equity exchanges erased $9.9 B in liabilities (28% of its total) in order to leverage its cash position.29 These actions yielded Ford a $2.7 billion profit in fiscal year 2009 the company's first full-year profit in four years.30 "The Way Forward" Main article: The Way Forward In the latter half of 2005 Chairman Bill Ford asked newly appointed Ford Americas Division President Mark Fields to develop a plan to return the company to profitability. Fields previewed the Plan dubbed The Way Forward at the December 7 2005 board meeting of the company; and it was unveiled to the public on January 23 2006. "The Way Forward" includes resizing the company to match current market realities dropping some unprofitable and inefficient models consolidating production lines and shutting fourteen factories and cutting 30000 jobs.31 These cutbacks are consistent with Ford's roughly 25% decline in U.S. automotive market share since the mid-late 1990s. In 2010 Ford earned a net profit of $6.6 billion and reduced its debt from $33.6 billion to $14.5 billion lowering interest payments by $1 billion following its 2009 net profit of $2.7 billion.78. In the U.S. the F-Series is the best selling vehicle for 2010. Ford sold 528349 F-Series trucks during the year a 27.7% increase over 2009 out of a total sales of 1.9 million vehicles or every one out of four vehicles Ford sold. Trucks sales accounts for a big slice of Ford's profits according to USA Today.32 Ford's realignment also includes the sale of its wholly owned subsidiary Hertz Rent-a-Car to a private equity group for $15 billion in cash and debt acquisition. The sale was completed on December 22 2005. A 5050 joint venture with Mahindra & Mahindra Limited of India called Mahindra Ford India Limited (MIFL) ended with Ford buying out Mahindra's remaining stake in the company in 2005.33 Ford had previously upped its stake to 72% in 1998.34 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Ford also became President of the company in April 2006 with the retirement of Jim Padilla. Five months later in September he stepped down as President and CEO and naming Alan Mulally as his successor. Bill Ford continues as Executive Chairman along with an executive operating committee made up of Mulally Mark Schulz Lewis Booth Don Leclair and Mark Fields. The domain ford.com attracted at least 11 million visitors annually by 2008 according to a Compete.com survey. Brands Ford Motor Company manufactures automobiles under its own name and as Lincoln in the United States. In 1958 Ford introduced a new brand the Edsel but poor sales led to its discontinuation in 1960. In 1985 the Merkur brand was introduced to market Fords from Europe in the United States; it met a similar fate in 1989. The Mercury brand was also introduced by Ford in 1939 but poor sales also led to its discontinuation in 2010.35 Ford has major manufacturing operations in Canada Mexico the United Kingdom Germany Turkey Brazil Argentina Australia the People's Republic of China and several other countries including South Africa where following divestment during apartheid it once again has a wholly owned subsidiary. Ford also has a cooperative agreement with Russian automaker GAZ. Ford acquired British sports car maker Aston Martin in 1989 but sold it on March 12 200736 retaining a small minority stake37 and bought Volvo Cars of Sweden in 199938 selling it to Zhejiang Geely Holding Group in 2010. In November 2008 it reduced its 33.4% controlling interest in Mazda of Japan to a 13.4% non-controlling interest.3940 On November 18 2010 Ford reduced their stake further to just 3% citing the reduction of ownership would allow greater flexibility to pursue growth in emerging markets. Ford and Mazda remain strategic partners through joint ventures and exchanges of technological information.41 It shares an American joint venture plant in Flat Rock Michigan called Auto Alliance with Mazda. It has spun off its parts division under the name Visteon. Ford sold the United Kingdom-based Jaguar and Land Rover companies and brands to Tata Motors of India in March 2008. Ford's FoMoCo parts division sells aftermarket parts under the Motorcraft brand name. Ford's non-manufacturing operations include organizations such as automotive finance operation Ford Motor Credit Company. Ford also sponsors numerous events and sports facilities around the US most notably Ford Center in downtown Oklahoma City and Ford Field in downtown Detroit. Overall the Ford Motor Company controls the Ford and Lincoln car brands. Brands Years Used Markets Ford 1903present Global Lincoln 1922present North America Middle East Mercury 19392011 North America Global markets Initially Ford Motor Company models sold outside the U.S. were essentially versions of those sold on the home market but later on models specific to Europe were developed and sold. Attempts to globalize the model line have often failed with Europe's Ford Mondeo selling poorly in the United States as the Ford Contour while U.S. models such as the Ford Taurus have fared poorly in Japan and Australia even when produced in right hand drive. The small European model Ka a hit in its home market did not catch on in Japan as it was not available as an automatic. The Mondeo was dropped by Ford Australia because the segment of the market in which it competes had been in steady decline with buyers preferring the larger local model the Falcon. One recent exception is the European model of the Focus which has sold strongly on both sides of the Atlantic. North America Calendar Year American sales 1999 416336942 2000 4202820 2001 3971364 2002 362370943 2003 3483719 2004 333167644 2005 3153875 2006 290109045 2007 2507366 2008 198837646 2009 162088847 2010 193546248 In the first five months of 2010 auto sales in the U.S. rose to 4.6 million cars and light trucks an increase of 17% from a year earlier. The rise was mainly caused by the return of commercial customers that had all but stopped buying in 2009 during the recession. Sales to individual customers at dealerships have increased 13% while fleet sales have jumped 32%.49 Ford reported that 37% of its sales in May came from fleet sales when it announced its sales for the month increased 23%.50 In the first seven months of 2010 vehicle sales of Ford increased 24% including retail and fleet sales. Fleet sales of Ford for the same period rose 35% to 386000 units while retail sales increase 19%. Fleet sales account for 39 percent of Chrysler's sales and 31 percent for GM's.51 Europe A British Ford dealership in Wetherby West Yorkshire with European range cars outside. At first Ford in Germany and Ford in Britain built different models from one another until the late 1960s with the Ford Escort and then the Ford Capri being common to both companies. Later on the Ford Taunus and Ford Cortina became identical produced in left hand drive and right hand drive respectively. Rationalisation of model ranges meant that production of many models in the UK switched to elsewhere in Europe including Belgium and Spain as well as Germany. The Ford Sierra replaced the Taunus and Cortina in 1982 drawing criticism for its radical aerodynamic styling which was soon given nicknames such as "Jellymould" and "The Salesman's Spaceship." Increasingly the Ford Motor Company has looked to Ford of Europe for its "world cars" such as the Mondeo Focus and Fiesta although sales of European-sourced Fords in the U.S. have been disappointing. The Focus has been one exception to this which has become America's best selling compact car since its launch in 2000.citation needed In February 2002 Ford ended car production in the UK. It was the first time in 90 years that Ford cars had not been made in Britain although production of the Transit van continues at the company's Southampton facility engines at Bridgend and Dagenham and transmissions at Halewood. Development of European Ford is broadly split between Dunton in Essex (powertrain Fiesta/Ka and commercial vehicles) and Cologne (body chassis electrical Focus Mondeo) in Germany. Ford also produced the Thames range of commercial vehicles although the use of this brand name was discontinued circa 1965. Elsewhere in continental Europe Ford assembles the Mondeo range in Genk (Belgium) Fiesta in Valencia (Spain) and Cologne (Germany) Ka in Valencia and Focus in Valencia Saarlouis (Germany) and Vsevolozhsk (Russia). Transit production is in Kocaeli (Turkey) Southampton (UK) and Transit Connect in Kocaeli. Ford also owns a joint-venture production plant in Turkey. Ford-Otosan established in the 1970s manufactures the Transit Connect compact panel van as well as the "Jumbo" and long-wheelbase versions of the full-size Transit. This new production facility was set up near Kocaeli in 2002 and its opening marked the end of Transit assembly in Genk. Another joint venture plant near Setbal in Portugal set up in collaboration with Volkswagen formerly assembled the Galaxy people-carrier as well as its sister ships the VW Sharan and SEAT Alhambra. With the introduction of the third generation of the Galaxy Ford has moved the production of the people-carrier to the Genk plant with Volkswagen taking over sole ownership of the Setubal facility. In 2008 Ford acquired a majority stake in Automobile Craiova Romania. Starting 2009 Ford Transit Connect will be Ford's first model produced in Craiova followed in 2010 by low-capacity car engines and a new small class car.52 Ford Europe has broken new ground with a number of relatively futuristic car launches over the last 50 years. Its 1959 Anglia two-door saloon was one of the most quirky-looking small family cars in Europe at the time of its launch but buyers soon became accustomed to its looks and it was hugely popular with British buyers in particular. It was still selling well when replaced by the more practical Escort in 1967. The third incarnation of the Ford Escort was launched in 1980 and marked the company's move from rear-wheel drive saloons to front-wheel drive hatchbacks in the small family car sector. The fourth generation Escort was produced from 1990 until 2000 although its successor the Focus had been on sale since 1998. On its launch the Focus was arguably the most dramatic-looking and fine-handling small family cars on sale and sold in huge volumes right up to the launch of the next generation Focus at the end of 2004. The 1982 Ford Sierra replacement for the long-running and massively popular Cortina and Taunus models was a style-setter at the time of its launch. Its ultramodern aerodynamic design was a world away from a boxy sharp-edged Cortina and it was massively popular just about everywhere it was sold. A series of updates kept it looking relatively fresh until it was replaced by the front-wheel drive Mondeo at the start of 1993. The rise in popularity of small cars during the 1970s saw Ford enter the mini-car market in 1976 with its Fiesta hatchback. Most of its production was concentrated at Valencia in Spain and the Fiesta sold in huge figures from the very start. An update in 1983 and the launch of an all-new model in 1989 strengthened its position in the small car market. Asia Pacific Ford dealership in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam (August 2005) In Australia and New Zealand the popular Ford Falcon has long been considered the average family car and is considerably larger than the Mondeo Ford's largest car sold in Europe. Between 1960 and 1972 the Falcon was based on a U.S. model of the same name but since then has been entirely designed and manufactured in Australia occasionlly being manufactured in New Zealand. Like its General Motors rival the Holden Commodore the Falcon uses a rear wheel drive layout. High performance variants of the Falcon running locally built engines produce up to 362 hp (270 kW). A ute (short for "utility" known in the US as pickup truck) version is also available with the same range of drivetrains. In addition Ford Australia sells highly tuned limited-production Falcon sedans and utes through its performance car division Ford Performance Vehicles. In Australia the Commodore and Falcon have traditionally outsold all other cars and comprise over 20% of the new car market. In New Zealand Ford was second in market share in the first eight months of 2006 with 14.4 per cent.53 More recently Ford has axed its Falcon-based LWB variant of its lineup the Fairlane and LTD ranges and announced that their Geelong engine manufacturing plant may be shut down from 2013. They have also announced local manufacturing of the Focus small car starting from 2011. However with the acquisition of a stake in Japanese manufacturer Mazda in 1979 Ford began selling Mazda's Familia and Capella (also known as the 323 and 626) as the Ford Laser and Telstar replacing the European-sourced Escort and Cortina. In Australia the Laser was one of Ford Australia's most successful models and was manufactured in Ford's Homebush plant from 1981 until the plant's closure in September 1994. It outsold the Mazda 323 despite being almost identical to it due to the fact the Laser was manufactured in Australia and Ford was perceived as a local brand. In New Zealand the Ford Laser and Telstar were assembled alongside the Mazda 323 and 626 until 1997 at the Vehicle Assemblers of New Zealand (VANZ) plant in Wiri Auckland. The Sierra wagon was also assembled in New Zealand owing to the popularity of station wagons in that market. Through its relationship with Mazda Ford also acquired a stake in South Korean manufacturer Kia which built the (Mazda-based) Ford Festiva from 19881993 and the Ford Aspire from 19941997 for export to the United States but later sold their interest to Hyundai (which also manufactured the Ford Cortina until the 1980s). Kia continued to market the Aspire as the Kia Avella later replaced by the Rio and once again sold in the US. Ford's presence in Asia has traditionally been much smaller confined to Malaysia Singapore Hong Kong the Philippines and Taiwan where Ford has had a joint venture with Lio Ho since the 1970s. Ford began assembly of cars in Thailand in 1960 but withdrew from the country in 1976 and did not return until 1995 when it formed a joint venture with Mazda called Auto Alliance.54 Ford India began production in 1998 with its Ford Escort model which was later replaced by locally produced Ford Ikon in 2001. It has since added Fusion Fiesta Mondeo and Endeavour to its product line. On March 9 2010 Ford Motor Co. launched its first made-for-India compact car. Starting at 349900 ($7690) the Figo is Ford's first car designed and priced for the mass Indian market.55 South America In South America Ford has had to face protectionist government measures in each country with the result that it built different models in different countries without particular regard to rationalization or economy of scale inherent to producing and sharing similar vehicles between the nations. In many cases new vehicles in a country were based on those of the other manufacturers it had entered into production agreements with or whose factories it had acquired. For example the Corcel and Del Rey in Brazil were originally based on Renault vehicles. In 1987 Ford of Brasil and Ford of Argentina merged its operations with those of Volkswagen to form a company called Autolatina with which it shared models. Sales figures and profitability were disappointing and Autolatina was dissolved in 1995. With the advent of Mercosur the regional common market Ford was finally able to rationalize its product line-ups in those countries. Consequently the Ford Fiesta and Ford EcoSport are only built in Brazil and the Ford Focus only built in Argentina with each plant exporting in large volumes to the neighboring countries. Models like the Ford Mondeo from Europe could now be imported completely built up. Ford of Brazil produces a pick-up truck version of the Fiesta the Courier which is also produced in South Africa as the Ford Bantam in right hand drive versions. Africa and Middle East In Africa Ford's market presence has traditionally been strongest in South Africa and neighbouring countries with only trucks being sold elsewhere on the continent. Ford in South Africa began by importing kits from Canada to be assembled at its Port Elizabeth facility. Later Ford sourced its models from the UK and Australia with local versions of the Ford Cortina including the XR6 with a 3.0 V6 engine and a Cortina-based 'bakkie' or pick-up which was exported to the UK. In the mid-1980s Ford merged with a rival company owned by Anglo American to form the South African Motor Corporation (Samcor). Following international condemnation of apartheid Ford divested from South Africa in 1988 and sold its stake in Samcor although it licensed the use of its brand name to the company. Samcor began to assemble Mazdas as well which affected its product line-up and saw the European Fords like the Escort and Sierra replaced by the Mazda-based Laser and Telstar. Ford bought a 45 per cent stake in Samcor following the demise of apartheid in 1994 and this later became once again a wholly owned subsidiary the Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa. Ford now sells a local sedan version of the Fiesta (also built in India and Mexico) and the Focus. The Falcon model from Australia was also sold in South Africa but was dropped in 2003 while the Mondeo after briefly being assembled locally was dropped in 2005. Ford's market presence in the Middle East has traditionally been even smaller partly due to previous Arab boycotts of companies dealing with Israel. Ford and Lincoln vehicles are currently marketed in ten countries in the region.56 Saudi Arabia Kuwait and the UAE are the biggest markets. Ford also established itself in Egypt in 1926 but faced an uphill battle during the 1950s due to the hostile nationalist business environment.57 Ford's distributor in Saudi Arabia announced in February 2003 that it had sold 100000 Ford and Lincoln vehicles since commencing sales in November 1986. Half of the Ford/Lincoln vehicles sold in that country were Ford Crown Victorias.58 In 2004 Ford sold 30000 units in the region falling far short of General Motors' 88852 units and Nissan Motors' 75000 units. Environmental initiatives Further information: Automotive market Ford Research Center in Aachen. The Ford Focus Flexifuel was the first E85 flexible fuel vehicle commercially available in the European market. Brazilian Ford Fiesta Flex 1.6L. Ford Escape Hybrid (top) and U.S. flex fuel version (below). All Ford's alternative fuel and hybrid models are identified by Ford's leaf road logo badge. 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid. Ford Escape plug-in hybrid test vehicle. Mulally (second from left) with then-President George W. Bush at the Kansas City Assembly plant in Claycomo Missouri on March 20 2007 touting Ford's new hybrid cars. Ford announced in late 2008 July that it will bring six of its more fuel-efficient European models to the U.S.59 Compressed natural gas The alternative fossil fuel vehicles such as some versions of the Crown Victoria especially in fleet and taxi service operate on compressed natural gasor CNG. Some CNG vehicles have dual fuel tanks one for gasoline the other for CNG the same engine can operate on either fuel via a selector switch. Flexible fuel vehicles See also: Flexible fuel vehicle Flexible fuel vehicles are designed to operate smoothly using a wide range of available ethanol fuel mixturesfrom pure gasoline to bioethanol-gasoline blends such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) or E100 (neat hydrous ethanol) in Brazil. Part of the challenge of successful marketing alternative and flexible fuel vehicles in the U.S. is the general lack of establishment of sufficient fueling stations which would be essential for these vehicles to be attractive to a wide range of consumers. Significant efforts to ramp up production and distribution of E85 fuels are underway and expanding.60 Ford is also planning to produce 250000 E85-capable vehicles a year in the US adding to some 1.6 million already sold in the last 10 years.61 Current Ford E85 Flexible Fuel Vehicles sold in North America and Europe are:62 Ford F-150 Ford Crown Victoria Ford Focus Ford C-MAX Ford Mondeo Ford S-MAX Ford Galaxy Ford Taurus Ford Ranger Ford Explorer Ford Expedition and EL/Max Mercury Grand Marquis Lincoln Town Car Current Ford E100 Flex sold in the Brazilian market are: Courier Ford EcoSport Ford Fiesta Ford Focus Ford Ka Electric vehicles Main article: Electric vehicle Ford Motor Co. expects electric vehicles will represent a "major portion" of its lineup a decade from now as the automaker breaks away from a recent reliance on pickup trucks and SUVs. The stakes are high because Ford's stepped-up investment is coming at a time when the U.S. government is demanding steep increases in fuel economy and has put money forward to help automakers adopt new fuel-saving technologies.63 Ford Motor Co. will partner with Coulomb Technologies to provide nearly 5000 free in-home charging stations for some of the automaker's first electric vehicle customers under the Ford Blue Oval ChargePoint Program.64 Hybrid electric vehicles Main article: Hybrid electric vehicle In 2004 both Ford and Toyota agreed on a patent sharing accord which granted Ford access to certain hybrid technology patented by Toyota in exchange Ford licensed Toyota some of their own patents.656667 Ford did improve fuel efficiency during 2005 with the introduction of the Hybrid-Electric Escape. With this vehicle Ford was third to the automotive market with a hybrid electric vehicle and the first hybrid electric SUV to market. This was also the first hybrid electric vehicle with a flexible fuel capability to run on E85.68 The Escape's platform mate Mercury Mariner was also available with the hybrid-electric system in the 2006 model yeara full year ahead of schedule. The similar Mazda Tribute will also receive a hybrid-electric powertrain option along with many other vehicles in the Ford vehicle line. In 2005 Ford announced its goal to make 250000 hybrids a year by 2010 but by mid-2006 announced that it would not meet that goal due to excessively high costs and the lack of sufficient supplies of the hybrid-electric batteries and drivetrain system components.69 Instead Ford has committed to accelerating development of next-generation hybrid-electric power plants in Britain in collaboration with Volvo. This engineering study is expected to yield more than 100 new hybrid-electric vehicle models and derivatives. There are also plans for hybrid versions of the Ford Edge and Lincoln MKX. Ford announced on 2007-07-09 that it will team up with Southern California Edison (SCE) to examine the future of plug-in hybrids in terms of how home and vehicle energy systems will work with the electrical grid. Under the multi-million-dollar multi-year project Ford will convert a demonstration fleet of Ford Escape Hybrids into plug-in hybrids and SCE will evaluate how the vehicles might interact with the home and the utility's electrical grid. Some of the vehicles will be evaluated "in typical customer settings" according to Ford.1718 On June 12 2008 USDOE expanded its own fleet of alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles with the addition of a Ford Escape Plug-In Hybrid Flex-Fuel Vehicle. The vehicle is equipped with a 10-kilowatt (13 hp) lithium-ion battery supplied by Johnson Controls-Saft that stores enough electric energy to drive up to 30 miles (48 km) at speeds of up to 40 mph (64 km/h).70 In March 2009 Ford launched to the U.S. market the Ford Fusion Hybrid and the Mercury Milan Hybrid both as 2010 models.71 Ford is going to introduce a plug-in hybrid to challenge the Chevy Volt by 20126372 and more charge-maintaining hybrids (traditional gas-electric hybrids) beginning with one in 2011. Current and planned Ford hybrid electric vehicles: 2004 Ford Escape Hybrid 2006 Mercury Mariner 2009 Ford Fusion Hybrid/Mercury Milan 2009/10 Ford Edge/Lincoln MKX All-electric vehicles Main article: All-electric vehicle Ford ended the Think City experiment and ordered all the cars repossessed and destroyed even as many of the people leasing them begged to be able to buy the cars from Ford. After outcry from the lessees and activists in the US and Norway Ford returned the cars to Norway for sale. Bill Ford was one of the first top industry executives to make regular use of an battery electric vehicle a Ford Ranger EV while the company contracted with the United States Postal Service to deliver electric postal vans based on the Ranger EV platform..Ford discontinued a line of electric Ranger pickup trucks and ordered them destroyed though it reversed in January 2005 after environmentalist protest.73 The North American Focus EV is based on next generation Focus fuel vehicle converted to an electric propulsion system as a Production EV by Magna International and is planned to be launched in late 2011. Ford plans to have 10000 Focus EVs on the road beginning in late 2011 in partnership with Magna International and it will be a global vehicle that will be sold in the three key markets of North America Europe and Asia-Pacific. The Focus EV has a maximum range of about 160 kilometers or 100 miles and a top speed of about 120+ kilometers or 75+ miles per hour.7475 Current and planned Ford electric vehicles:6372 2010 All-electric Transit Connect 2011 All-electric small car in late 2011 (Ford Focus EV). 2013 C-MAX Energi coming fall 2012 Ford battery electric vehicle (BEV) demonstrators are included in a British project that is part of the UK government's zero carbon vehicle fleet of Focus BEVs. The BEV demonstrator fleet is being developed partly with public funding from the government's Technology Strategy Board (TSB) which promotes innovative industry-led projects that reduce CO2 while benefiting the UK's transport system.76 Hydrogen Ford also continues to study Fuel Cell-powered electric powertrains and has demonstrated hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine technologies as well as developing the next-generation hybrid-electric systems. Compared with conventional vehicles hybrid vehicles and/or fuel cell vehicles decrease air pollution emissions as well as sound levels with favorable impacts upon respiratory health and decrease of noise health effects. Ford has launched the production of hydrogen-powered shuttle buses using hydrogen instead of gasoline in a standard internal combustion engine for use at airports and convention centers.77 At the 2006 Greater Los Angeles Auto Show Ford showcased a hydrogen fuel cell version of its Explorer SUV. The Fuel cell Explorer has a combined output of 174 hp (130 kW). It has a large hydrogen storage tank which is situated in the center of the car taking the original place of the conventional model's automatic transmission. The centered position of the tank assists the vehicle reach a notable range of 350 miles (563 km) the farthest for a fuel cell vehicle so far. The fuel cell Explorer the first in a series of prototypes partly funded by the United States Department of Energy to expand efforts to determine the feasibility of hydrogen- powered vehicles. The fuel cell Explorer is one of several vehicles with green technology being featured at the L.A. show including the 2008 Ford Escape Hybrid PZEV emissions compliant Fusion and Focus models and a 2008 Ford F-Series Super Duty outfitted with Ford's clean diesel technology. Increased fuel efficiency All Ford's models with EcoBoost engines are identified by Ford's leaf road logo badge. Ford Motor Company announced it will accelerate its plans to produce more fuel-efficient cars changing both its North American manufacturing plans and its lineup of vehicles available in the United States. In terms of North American manufacturing the company will convert three existing truck and sport utility vehicle (SUV) plants for small car production with the first conversion starting in December at its Michigan Truck Plant. In addition Ford's assembly plants near Mexico City Mexico and in Louisville Kentucky will convert from pickups and SUVs to small cars including the Ford Fiesta by 2011. Ford will also introduce to North America six of its European small vehicles including two versions of the Ford Fiesta by the end of 2012. And last but not least Ford is stepping up its production of fuel-efficient "EcoBoost" V-6 and four-cylinder engines while increasing its production of hybrid vehicles. See the Ford press release. Ford of Europe developed the ECOnetic programme to address the market and legislative need for higher fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions. As opposed to the hybrid engine technology used in competitor products such as the Toyota Prius ECOnetic improves existing technology. Using lower consuming Duratorq TDCi diesel engines and based on a combination of improved aerodynamics lower resistance and improved efficiency the Ford Fiesta is currently the lowest emitting mass-produced car in Europe78 while the 2012 Ford Focus ECOnetic will have better fuel consumption that the Prius or the Volkswagen Golf BlueMotion.79 ECOnetic is not presently planned to be sold in North Americam due to current perceived lower consumer demand.80 Ford has challenged University teams to create a vehicle that is simple durable lightweight and come equipped with a base target price of only $7000 The students from Aachen University created the "2015 Ford Model T".8182 In 2000 under the leadership of the current Ford chairman William Clay Ford the Company announced83 a planned 25 percent improvement in the average mileage of its light truck fleet including its popular SUVs to be completed by the 2005 calendar year. In 2003 Ford announced that competitive market conditions and technological and cost challenges would prevent the company from achieving this goal.84 Researchers at the University of Massachusetts have however listed Ford as the seventh-worst corporate producer of air pollution primarily because of the manganese compounds 124-trimethylbenzene and glycol ethers released from its casting truck and assembly plants.85 The United States Environmental Protection Agency has linked Ford to 54 Superfund toxic waste sites twelve of which have been cleaned up and deleted from the list.86 For the 2007 model year Ford had thirteen U.S. models that achieve 30 miles per gallon or better (based on the highway fuel economy estimates of the EPA and several of Ford's vehicles were recognized in the EPA and Department of Energy Fuel Economy Guide for best-in-class fuel economy. Ford claimed to have eliminated nearly three million pounds of smog-forming emissions from their U.S. cars and light trucks over the 2004 to 2006 model years.87 PC Power Management On March 2010 Ford announced its PC Power Management system which it developed with NightWatchman software from 1E. The company is expected to save $1.2m on power cost and reduce carbon footprint by an estimated 16000 to 25000 metric tons annually when the system is fully implemented. PC power management is being rolled out to all Ford computer users in US this month and it will be used in Ford operations around the world later in the year. Computers with this power profile enabled will monitor its usage patterns and decides when it can be turned off. PC user will be alerted of the approaching power down time and given the opportunity to delay it. According to company reduction in carbon footprint and power cost will be achieved by developing 'Power Profiles' for every PC in the company.88 Auto racing Stock car racing NASCAR Ford Fusion race car Ford is one of four manufacturers in NASCAR's three major series: Sprint Cup Series Nationwide Series and Camping World Truck Series. Major teams include Roush Fenway Racing and Yates Racing and Richard Petty Motorsports. Ford is represented by the mid-size Fusion in the Sprint Cup the Mustang in the Nationwide Series and by the F-150 in the Camping World Truck Series. Some of the most successful NASCAR Fords were the aerodynamic fastback Ford Torino and Mercury Montegos and the aero-era Ford Thunderbirds. The Ford nameplate has won eight manufacturer's championships in Sprint Cup while Mercury has won one. The Ford Fusion is also used in the ARCA Remax Series. Formula One Rubens Barrichello driving for the Stewart Grand Prix team in 1997 Ford was heavily involved in Formula One for many years and supplied engines to a large number of teams from 1967 until 2004. These engines were designed and manufactured by Cosworth the racing division that was owned by Ford from 1998 to 2004. Ford-badged engines won 176 Grands Prix between 1967 and 2003 for teams such as Team Lotus and McLaren. Ford entered Formula One as a constructor in 2000 under the Jaguar Racing name after buying the Stewart Grand Prix team which had been its primary 'works' team in the series since 1997. Jaguar achieved little success in Formula One and after a turbulent five seasons Ford withdrew from the category after the 2004 season selling both Jaguar Racing (which became Red Bull Racing) and Cosworth (to Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven).89 Rally Jari-Matti Latvala driving the Ford Focus RS WRC 09 in 2010. Main article: Ford World Rally Team Ford has a long history in rallying and has been active in the World Rally Championship since the beginning of the world championship the 1973 season. Ford took the 1979 manufacturers' title with Hannu Mikkola Bjrn Waldegrd and Ari Vatanen driving the Ford Escort RS1800. In the Group B era Ford achieved success with Ford RS200. Since the 1999 season Ford has used various versions of the Ford Focus WRC to much success. In the 2006 season BP-Ford World Rally Team secured Ford its second manufacturers' title with the Focus RS WRC 06 built by M-Sport and driven by Flying Finns Marcus Grnholm and Mikko Hirvonen.90 Continuing with Grnholm and Hirvonen Ford successfully defended the manufacturers' world championship in the 2007 season. Ford is the only manufacturer to score in the points for 92 consecutive races; since the 2002 season opener Monte Carlo Rally.91 Sports cars Ford GT40 Main article: Ford GT#Racing Ford sports cars have been visible in the world of sports car racing since 1964. Most notably the GT40 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans four times in the 1960s and is the only American car to ever win overall at this prestigious event. Ford also won the 1968 International Championship for Makes with the GT40 which still stands today as one of the all-time greatest racing cars. Swiss team Matech GT Racing in collaboration with Ford Racing opened a new chapter with the Ford GT winning the Teams title in the 2008 FIA GT3 European Championship. Ford Mustang GT (racing GT car) Main article: Ford Mustang#Racing The Ford Mustang has arguably been Ford's most successful sports car. Jerry Titus won the 1965 SCCA Pro B National Championship with a Mustang and the model went on to earn Ford the SCCA Trans-Am Championship title in both 1966 and 1967. Ford won the Trans-Am Championship again in 1970 with Parnelli Jones and George Folmer driving Boss 302 Mustangs for Bud Moore Engineering. Ford took the 1985 and 1986 IMSA GTO Championship with Mustangs driven by John Jones and Scott Pruett before returning to Trans-Am glory with a championship in 1989 with Dorsey Schroeder. Ford dominated Trans-Am in the 1990s with Tommy Kendal winning championships in 1993 1995 1996 and 1997 with Paul Gentilozi adding yet another title in 1999. In 2005 the Ford Mustang FR500C took the championship in the Rolex Koni Challenge Series in its first year on the circuit. In 2007 Ford added a victory in the GT4 European Championship. 2008 was the first year of the Mustang Challenge for the Miller Cup a series which pits a full field of identical factory built Ford Mustang race cars against each other. Also in 2008 Ford won the manufacturers championship in the Koni Challenge Series and HyperSport drivers Joe Foster and Steve Maxwell won the drivers title in a Mustang GT. Touring cars Ford Performance Racing Ford Falcon V8 Supercar at Eastern Creek in Australia in 2008. Ford has campaigned touring cars such as the Focus Falcon and Contour/Mondeo and the Sierra Cosworth in many different series throughout the years. Notably Mondeo drivers finished 123 in the 2000 British Touring Car Championship and Falcon drivers placed 123 in the 2005 V8 Supercar Championship Series. Other In the Indianapolis 500 Ford powered IndyCars won 17 times between 1965 and 1996citation needed. Ford has also branched out into drifting with the introduction of the new model Mustang. Most noticeable is the Turquoise and Blue Falken Tires Mustang driven by Vaughn Gittin Jr A.K.A. "JR". with 750 RWHP (Rear Wheel Horsepower). In drag racing John Force Racing drivers John Force Tony Pedregon and Robert Hight have piloted Ford Mustang Funny Cars to several NHRA titles in recent seasons. Teammates Tim Wilkerson and Bob Tasca III also drive Mustangs in Funny Car. Formula Ford a formula for single-seater cars without wings and originally on road tires were conceived in 1966 in the UK as an entry-level formula for racing drivers. Many of today's racing drivers started their car racing careers in this category. Ford trucks 1961 Ford H-Series trucks 1939 Ford pick-up truck Ford has produced trucks since 1908. Countries where Ford commercial vehicles are or were made include Argentina Australia Brazil Canada (badged Mercury too) France Germany India Netherlands Philippines Spain (badged Ebro too) Turkey UK (badged also Fordson and Thames) and USA. From the 1940s to late 1970s Ford's Ford F-Series were used as the base for light trucks for the North American market. Most of these ventures are now extinct. The European one that lasted longest was the lorries arm of Ford of Britain which was eventually sold to Iveco group in 1986 and whose last significant models were the Transcontinental and the Cargo. In the United States Ford's heavy trucks division (Classes 7 and 8) was sold in 1997 to Freightliner Trucks which rebranded the lineup as Sterling.92 Freightliner is in the process of discontinuing this line. Ford continues to manufacture medium duty trucks under the F-650 and F-750 badges. In 2001 the company entered into a joint venture with Navistar International to produce medium duty commercial trucks.93 The first new model from the new corporation known as Blue Diamond Truck Company LLC93 was the 2006 model year LCF94 the first Ford branded cab-over-engine design in the United States since Freightliner's acquisition of the Cargo in the mid-1990s.citation needed. The LCF was discontinued in 200995 and Ford's 2011 medium-duty commercial offerings are limited to the two F-Series.96 In Europe Ford manufactures the Ford Transit jumbo van which is classed as a Large Goods Vehicle and has a payload of up to 2265 kg there are options of a panel van pickup or chassis cab. The Ford Transit is also available as a light van called the Ford Transit Connect and the Ford Ranger pickup is available.97 Bus products Ford manufactured complete buses in the company's early history but today the role of the company has changed to that of a second stage manufacturer. In North America the E-Series is still used as a chassis for small school buses and the F-650 is used in commercial bus markets. In the 1980s and 1990s the medium-duty B700 was a popular chassis used by school bus body manufacturers (Thomas Built Ward Blue Bird etc...) but Ford lost its market share due to industry contraction and agreements between body manufacturers. Older bus models included: Prior to 1939 For buses were based on truck bodies: Model B 1930s Model T 1920s F-105 school bus During World War II Ford manufactured Ford Transit bus a series of small transit buses with bodies built by second party98: 09-B/19-B City transit bus 19391941 19-B/29-B City transit bus 19411942 49-B/79-B City transit bus 19441947 69-B City transit bus 19461947 29-B City transit bus 19461947 72-T transit bus 19441945 After 1946 the Transit City bus was sold as Universal Bus with the roof changed from fabric/wood to all metal: 79-B Universal transit bus 19461947 Succeeding the Ford Transit bus was the Ford 8M buses: 8MB transit bus with Wayne Works 1948 Following World War II and from 1950s onwards Ford lost out to General Motors.99 This lead to the end of transit buses for Ford in North America. B500 or B-series 1950-1990s based on Ford F-series truck chassis used by school bus body manufacturers In Europe Ford manufactures the Ford Transit Minibus which is classed in Europe as a Passenger Carrying Vehicle and there are options of 12 15 or 17 seaters.100 In the past European models included: EM N-138 D series buses (Australia) Ford tractors Ford tractor The "Henry Ford and Son Company" began making Fordson tractors in Henry's hometown of Springwells (later part of Dearborn Michigan from 1907 to 1928 from 1919 to 1932 at Cork Ireland and 19331964 at Dagenham England later transferred to Basildon. They were also produced in Leningrad beginning in 1924. In 1986 Ford expanded its tractor business when it purchased the Sperry-New Holland skid-steer loader and hay baler hay tools and implement company from Sperry Corporation and formed Ford-New Holland which bought out Versatile tractors in 1988. This company was bought by Fiat in 1993 and the name changed from Ford New Holland to New Holland. New Holland is now part of CNH Global. History Henry Ford (ca. 1919) 1896 Ford Quadricycle Main article: History of Ford Motor Company The Ford Motor Company was launched in a converted factory in 1903 with $28000 in cash from twelve investors most notably John and Horace Dodge (who would later found their own car company). Later Ford realized it would be better if he manufactured all of his company's automotive parts himself instead of using parts from aftermarket sources which lead to the production of the assembly line 1908. Henry's first attempt under his name was the Henry Ford Company on November 3 1901 which became the Cadillac Motor Company on August 22 1902. In 1908 Ford During its early years the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on each car from components made to order by other companies. Henry Ford was 40 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company which would go on to become one of the world's largest and most profitable companies as well as being one to survive the Great Depression. As one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 100 years. See also Metro Detroit portal Companies portal Detroit Automobile Company Dodge v. Ford Motor Company Firestone and Ford tire controversy Ford F-Series Ford Mustang Ford Racing Ford V-8 Fordson tractor The Henry Ford Henry Ford Company History of Ford Motor Company List of Ford vehicles List of Ford factories List of Ford engines List of Ford platforms List of Ford VIN codes List of CEOs of Ford Motor Company Pay on production Plug-in hybrid Smith Electric Vehicles Southern California Edison Soybean Car Special Vehicle Team (SVT) Special Vehicle Operations (SVO) United States Council for Automotive Research Notes a b c d e f "2010 Form 10K Ford Motor Company". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/37996/000115752311001210/a6622311.htm.  "Ford Motor Company Completes Sale of Volvo to Geely". Ford Motor Co.. August 2 2010. http://www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements/press-releases/press-releases-detail/pr-ford-motor-company-completes-sale-33059. 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Retrieved May 2 2010.  "Statistics Longest make points finish streaks". juwra.com. http://www.juwra.com/statsmakepointsfinishstreaks.html. Retrieved September 30 2010.  "Daimler Trucks North America Plans Decisive Response to Changed Economic Environment". http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-7153-1-1137391-1-0-0-0-0-0-8-7145-0-0-0-0-0-0-1.html. Retrieved June 18 2009.  a b Ford Motor Company (August 7 2001). "FORD NAVISTAR JOIN FORCES TO CREATE BLUE DIAMOND TRUCK COMPANY" (pdf). Press release. http://media.ford.com/articlepdf.cfmarticleid9165. Retrieved February 4 2010.  Rick Weber (November 2004). "Ford enters LCF commercial market". Trailer Body Builders.com. Penton Media Inc.. http://trailer-bodybuilders.com/mag/trucksfordenterslcf/. Retrieved February 4 2011.  Rick Weber. "LCF Update 2009". Fordtrucksonline. HDG/Battlefield Ford. http://www.fordtrucksonline.com/new-ford-low-cab-forward-specs.htm. Retrieved February 4 2011.  "Medium Duty". Ford Commercial Truck. Ford Motor Company. http://www.commtruck.ford.com/vehicles/mediumduty/. Retrieved February 4 2011.  Ford UK Commercial Vehicles. ford.co.uk. Retrieved June 9 2010. http://www.detroittransithistory.info/PhotoGalley/Photos1940sA.html http://www.detroittransithistory.info/PhotoGalley/Photos1940sA.html Ford UK Minibus. ford.co.uk. Retrieved June 9 2010. References and further reading Ford Motor Company Bak Richard. Henry and Edsel: The Creation of the Ford Empire (2003) Bardou; Jean-Pierre Jean-Jacques Chanaron Patrick Fridenson and James M. Laux. The Automobile Revolution: The Impact of an Industry University of North Carolina Press 1982 Batchelor Ray. Henry Ford: Mass Production Modernism and Design Manchester U. Press 1994 Bonin Huber et al. Ford 19022003: The European History 2 vol Paris 2003. ISBN 2-914369-06-9 scholarly essays in English on Ford operations in Europe; reviewed in Len Holden Len. "Fording the Atlantic: Ford and Fordism in Europe" in Business History Volume 47 #January 1 2005 pp 122127 Bowman Timothy J. Spirituality at Work: An Exploratory Sociological Investigation of the Ford Motor Company. London School of Economics and Political Science 2004 Brinkley Douglas G. Wheels for the World: Henry Ford His Company and a Century of Progress (2003) Brinkley Douglas. "Prime Mover". American Heritage 2003 54(3): 4453. on Model T Bryan Ford R. Henry's Lieutenants 1993; ISBN 0-8143-2428-2 Bucci Federico. Albert Kahn: Architect of Ford Princeton Architectural Press 1993 Cabadas Joseph P. River Rouge: Ford's Industrial Colossus (2004) heavily illustrated Dempsey Mary A. "Fordlandia' Michigan History 1994 78(4): 2433. Ford's rubber plantation in Brazil Flink James. America Adopts the Automobile 18951910 MIT Press 1970 Foster Mark S. "The Model T The Hard Sell and Los Angeles Urban Growth: The Decentralization of Los Angeles During the 1920s." Pacific Historical Review 44.4 (November 1975): 45984 David Halberstam The Reckoning (1986) detailed reporting on the crises of 1973-mid 1980s Iacocca Lee and William Novak. Iacocca: An Autobiography (1984) Jacobson D. S. "The Political Economy of Industrial Location: the Ford Motor Company at Cork 191226." Irish Economic and Social History Ireland 1977 4: 3655. Ford and Irish politics Lacey Robert "Ford: The Men and the Machine" (Heinnemann London) 0 414 401027 (1986) Levinson William A. Henry Ford's Lean Vision: Enduring Principles from the First Ford Motor Plant 2002; ISBN 1-56327-260-1 Kuhn Arthur J. GM Passes Ford 19181938: Designing the General Motors Performance-Control System. Pennsylvania State University Press 1986 Magee David. Ford Tough: Bill Ford and the Battle to Rebuild America's Automaker (2004) Maxton Graeme P. and John Wormald Time for a Model Change: Re-engineering the Global Automotive Industry (2004) May George S. A Most Unique Machine: The Michigan Origins of the American Automobile Industry Eerdman's 1975 Maynard Micheline. The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market (2003) McIntyre Stephen L. "The Failure of Fordism: Reform of the Automobile Repair Industry 19131940: Technology and Culture 2000 41(2): 269299. repair shops rejected flat rates Nevins Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1954). Ford: The Times The Man The Company. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons.  Nevins Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1957). Ford: Expansion and Challenge 19151933. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons.  Nevins Allan; Frank Ernest Hill (1962). Ford: Decline and Rebirth 19331962. New York: Charles Scribners' Sons.  Rubenstein; James M. The Changing U.S. Auto Industry: A Geographical Analysis Routledge 1992 Shiomi Haruhito and Kazuo Wada. Fordism Transformed: The Development of Production Methods in the Automobile Industry Oxford University Press 1995 Sorensen Charles E.; with Williamson Samuel T. (1956) My Forty Years with Ford New York New York USA: Norton LCCN 56-010854 . Various republications including ISBN 9780814332795. Studer-Noguez; Isabel. Ford and the Global Strategies of Multinationals: The North American Auto Industry Routledge 2002 Tedlow Richard S. "The Struggle for Dominance in the Automobile Market: the Early Years of Ford and General Motors" Business and Economic History 1988 17: 4962. Ford stressed low price based on efficient factories but GM did better in oligopolistic competition by including investment in manufacturing marketing and management Thomas Robert Paul. "The Automobile Industry and its Tycoon" Explorations in Entrepreneurial History 1969 6(2): 139157. argues Ford did NOT have much influence on US industry Watts Steven. The People's Tycoon: Henry Ford and the American Century (2005) Wik Reynold M. Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America. University of Michigan Press 1972. impact on farmers Wilkins Mira and Frank Ernest Hill American Business Abroad: Ford on Six Continents Wayne State University Press 1964 Williams Karel Colin Haslam and John Williams "Ford versus 'Fordism': The Beginning of Mass Production" Work Employment & Society Vol. 6 No. 4 517555 (1992) stress on Ford's flexibility and commitment to continuous improvements. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ford Official gateway to global websites The Ford Story Ford on Facebook Ford on Twitter v d eFord Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Current Automobile Craiova  Automotive Components Holdings  Ford of Argentina  Ford of Australia  Ford of Brazil  Ford of Canada  Ford of Europe (Ford of Britain  Ford Germany)  Ford India  Ford Motor Company of New Zealand  Ford Parts  Ford Motor Company Philippines  Ford Motor Credit Company  Ford Racing (Ford Team RS)  Ford of Russia  Special Vehicle Team  Troller Defunct Ford SAF  LincolnMercury  Premier Automotive Group  Special Vehicle Operations Former Aston Martin Lagonda  Cosworth  Ford Aerospace  Hertz Corporation  Jaguar Cars  Kwik-Fit  Land Rover  New Holland Agriculture  Visteon  Volvo Car Corporation Marques Current Ford  Lincoln Defunct Continental  Edsel  Mercury  Merkur  Meteor  Monarch Former Aston Martin  Daimler  Jaguar  Lagonda  Land Rover  Th!nk  Volvo Joint ventures and shareholdings Current Aston Martin Lagonda  AutoAlliance International (50%)  AutoAlliance Thailand  Chang'an Ford  Ford Lio Ho  Ford Performance Vehicles (49%)  Getrag Ford Transmissions (50%)  Jiangling Motors  Mazda  Otosan (41%) Facilities and products Vehicles  Platforms  Engines  Transmissions  Factories  Proving grounds People Ford Family  Henry Ford (Founder)   William Clay Ford Jr. (Executive Chairman)   Alan R. 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Ford Motor Company  History of Ford Motor Company  Kinetic Design  New Edge  Pay on production  United States Council for Automotive Research Website: Ford.com   Ticker:(NYSE: F)   Founded: June 16 1903   Headquarters: Dearborn Michigan Category  Links to related articles v d e  Ford Motor Company vehicles Ford Motor Company Current and future models Cars C-Max  Crown Victoria & Police Interceptor  EcoSport  Falcon  Fiesta  Figo  Fusion (Europe)  Fusion (North America)  Focus (international)  Focus (North America)  G6  Galaxy  i-MAX (Taiwan)  Ka  Kuga  Mondeo  Mustang  S-Max  Taurus Trucks/ SUVs/Vans Bantam  Cargo  Courier  E-Series  Econovan  Edge  Escape  Expedition & EL/Max  Explorer  Everest / Endeavour  F-Series & Super Duty  Flex  Pronto  Ranger  Ranger (international)  Territory  Tourneo  Tourneo Connect  Transit  Transit Connect Historical models 1900s Model A/AC  Model B  Model C  Model F  Model K  Model N  Model R  Model S  Model T 1910s1920s Model TT  Model A  Model AA 1930s1940s Model B  Model Y  Model C Ten  Model CX  Junior Popular  1937 Ford  Junior De Luxe  Kln  Rheinland  Eifel  Model 7Y  Model 7W  Anglia  Prefect  Country Squire  Pilot  Vedette 1950s C-Series Trucks  Consul  Country Sedan  Courier  Del Rio  Edsel (Brand)  Fairlane  Galaxie  Mainline  Parklane  Popular  Ranchero  Squire  Taunus  Thunderbird  Versailles  Zephyr 1960s Bronco  Capri  Corcel  Corsair  Cortina  Escort  Fairlane Thunderbolt  Ford Falcon  GT40  H-Series Trucks  LTD  N-Series Trucks  Torino  W-Series Trucks 1970s Elite  Fairmont  Granada  L-Series Trucks  Landau (Australia)  Maverick  P100  Pinto 1980s Aerostar  Bantam  Bronco II  Del Rey  Escort  EXP  Festiva  Laser / Lynx / Tierra / Meteor  LTD Crown Victoria  Orion  Probe  RS200  Scorpio  Sierra  Telstar  Tempo  Verona 1990s Aspire  Contour  Cougar  Maverick  Puma  Windstar  ZX2 2000s Activa  Excursion  Fairlane (Australian)  Five Hundred  Freestar  Freestyle/Taurus X  GT  Ikon  Maverick (Europe)  Sportka/Streetka Category v d eNorth American bus builders Active     Advanced Bus Industries Blue Bird Corporation Champion Bus Incorporated Coach and Equipment Collins Bus Corporation DesignLine Corporation DINA S.A. Dupont Industries Eagle Bus ElDorado National Federal Coach Ford Motor Company Glaval Bus Gillig Corporation Girardin Minibus Goshen Coach IC Bus Motor Coach Industries North American Bus Industries New Flyer Industries Nova Bus Optima Bus Corporation Orion International Prevost Car Setra Stallion Bus Industries Starcraft Bus Thomas Built Buses Trans Tech Trident Bus Industries Defunct     ACF-Brill Aerocoach AM General AmTran Beck Canadian Car and Foundry Carpenter Body Company Corbeil Bus Corporation Crown Coach Corporation Fageol Fifth Avenue Bus Company FitzJohn Flxible General Motors Corporation/ General Motors Diesel Division (GM Coach) Kenworth LAG Motorcoach Mack Trucks MASA Millennium Transit Services National Coach Corp. Neoplan USA Superior Coach Company Transportation Manufacturing Corporation Twin Coach U.S. Bus Corporation Ward Body Works Wayne Corporation Wayne Wheeled Vehicles White Motor Company Yellow Coach v d e Ford road car timeline North American market 19461979 next  Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact Pinto Fiesta Compact Falcon Falcon Falcon Maverick Fairmont Granada Mid-size Falcon 70 Fairlane Fairlane Fairlane Fairlane Torino Torino Torino LTD II Full-size Deluxe Ford Deluxe Mainline Super Deluxe Custom Customline Custom 300 Custom Custom Custom Custom Crestline Fairlane Fairlane Fairlane Galaxie Galaxie Galaxie Galaxie Galaxie LTD LTD LTD LTD Personal luxury Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Sports Thunderbird Mustang Mustang II Mustang v d e  previous Ford passenger car timeline North American market 1980present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 Subcompact Fiesta Festiva Aspire Fiesta Compact Pinto Escort Escort Escort Focus Focus Fairmont Tempo Tempo Contour Mid-size Granada LTD Fusion Taurus Taurus Taurus Taurus Full-size LTD LTD Crown Victoria Crown Victoria Crown Victoria Country Squire Five Hundred Taurus Taurus Personal luxury Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Sport compact EXP EXP Probe Probe Escort ZX2 ZX2 Sports Mustang Mustang Mustang GT v d e Ford Motor Company light truck timeline North American market 19481979 next  Type 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SUV Bronco Bronco Coup utility Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Ranchero Compact pickup Courier Courier Full-size pickup F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series Van Econoline Econoline Econoline / Club Wagon v d e previous - Ford Motor Company light truck timeline United States and Canada 1980spresent Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 Mid-size crossover Edge Full-size crossover Freestyle Taurus X Flex Compact SUV Bronco II Bronco II Escape Escape Mid-size SUV Explorer Explorer Explorer Explorer Explorer Full-size SUV Bronco Bronco Bronco Expedition Expedition Expedition Excursion Expedition EL/Max Compact pickup Courier Ranger Ranger Ranger Ranger Mid-size pickup Explorer Sport Trac Explorer Sport Trac Full-size pickup F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series F-Series Super Duty Super Duty Minivan Aerostar Aerostar Transit Connect Windstar Windstar Freestar Van Econoline Econoline/E-Series v d e previous Ford car timeline European market 1980spresent Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 City car Ka I Ka II Supermini Fiesta I Fiesta II Fiesta III Fiesta IV Fiesta V Fiesta VI Small family car Escort Mk3 / Orion I Escort Mk4 / Orion II Escort Mk5 / Orion III Escort Mk5b Escort Mk6 Focus I Focus II Focus III Large family car Cortina V / Taunus III Sierra I Sierra II Mondeo I Mondeo II Mondeo III Mondeo IV Executive car Granada II Scorpio I / Granada III Scorpio II Coup Capri Puma Probe Cougar Compact SUV/CUV Maverick Maverick Kuga Mini MPV Fusion Compact MPV C-MAX I C-MAX II Large MPV S-MAX Galaxy I Galaxy II Galaxy III v d e Ford Motor Company of Australia automobile timeline 1980spresent Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 City Ka Subcompact Festiva Festiva Fiesta Fiesta Compact Escort Laser Laser Laser Laser Laser Focus Focus Meteor Mid-size Cortina Telstar Telstar Taurus Corsair Mondeo Mondeo Full-size Falcon / Fairmont Falcon / Fairmont Falcon / Fairmont Falcon / G Series Fairlane / LTD Fairlane / LTD Fairlane / LTD Sports Capri Probe Cougar Mustang Utility Courier Courier Ranger Falcon Ute Falcon Ute Falcon Ute Van Falcon Van Spectron Econovan Econovan Econovan Transit Transit Transit Compact SUV Escape Mid-size SUV Raider Territory Bronco Maverick Explorer Explorer v d eBritish Leyland car companies and marques Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Jaguar SS Cars Jaguar Jaguar & Daimler BMH BLMC / British Leyland Jaguar & Daimler Ford PAG Tata Daimler Daimler BSA BSA Lanchester Lanchester Rover Rover Rover Rover Austin Rover Group & Land Rover Group (BL plc) Rover Group (BAe) Rover Group (BMW) MG Rover Group (PVH) Land Rover Ford PAG Alvis Alvis BAE Systems Standard Standard Standard Triumph Leyland Motors British Motor Heritage Triumph Dawson Triumph BMW Riley Riley Nuffield Organisation BMC BMH MG Morris Garages (MG) Rover Group (BMW) MG Rover Group (PVH) SAIC & NAC SAIC Morris Morris Morris Wolseley Wolseley Austin Austin Austin Vanden Plas Vanden Plas Mini Mini (BMW) Austin-Healey Austin (BMC) & Donald Healey Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s v d eBritish car industry companies and marques Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Rolls-Royce Rolls-Royce Limited Rolls-Royce Limited & Bentley Rolls-Royce Motors Rolls-Royce Motors (Vickers) BMW & VW Group BMW Bentley Bentley Volkswagen Group Armstrong Siddeley Siddeley-Deasy Armstrong Whitworth Armstrong Siddeley Bristol Siddeley Rolls-Royce Limited Rolls-Royce plc Aston Martin Aston Martin Aston Martin Lagonda Ford PAG Aston Martin Lagonda Lagonda Lagonda Jaguar SS Cars Jaguar Jaguar & Daimler BMH BLMC / British Leyland Jaguar & Daimler Ford PAG Tata Daimler Daimler BSA BSA Lanchester Lanchester Rover Rover Rover Rover Austin Rover Group & Land Rover Group (BL plc) Rover Group (BAe) Rover Group (BMW) MG Rover Group (PVH) Land Rover Ford PAG Alvis Alvis BAE Systems Standard Standard Standard Triumph Leyland Motors British Motor Heritage Triumph Dawson Triumph BMW Riley Riley Nuffield Organisation BMC BMH MG Morris Garages (MG) Rover Group (BMW) MG Rover Group (PVH) SAIC & NAC SAIC Morris Morris Morris Wolseley Wolseley Austin Austin Austin Vanden Plas Vanden Plas Mini Mini (BMW) Austin-Healey Austin (BMC) & Donald Healey Jensen Jensen Motors Britcar Holdings Jensen Cars Reliant Reliant Reliant Bond Bond AC AC Cars (several ownership & company name changes) Argyll Argyll Argyll Bristol Cars Bristol Cars Caterham Caterham Crossley Crossley Dutton Dutton Dutton Ginetta Ginetta Gordon-Keeble Peerless & Warwick Gordon-Keeble Jowett Jowett Blackburn Lea-Francis Lea-Francis Lotus Lotus General Motors Europe Proton McLaren McLaren Marcos Marcos Marcos Marcos Morgan Morgan Napier Napier Turner Turner TVR TVR Westfield Westfield Potenza Sports Cars GTM GTM Vauxhall Vauxhall Motors General Motors General Motors Europe General Motors Vulcan Vulcan Hillman Hillman Humber Rootes Chrysler Europe (Chrysler) Peugeot (PSA) Humber Humber Singer Singer Rootes Sunbeam Sunbeam Sunbeam-Talbot-Darracq Rootes (as Sunbeam-Talbot) Rootes Rootes Talbot Talbot Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s v d ePrincipal owners of the Houston Astros franchise Houston Colt .45's (1962-1964) Roy Hofheinz Houston Astros (1965-present) Roy Hofheinz General Electric & Ford Motor Company John McMullen Drayton McLane Jr.