General Motors Company Type Public company Traded as NYSE: GM TSX: GMM.U Industry Automotive Founded September 27 1908 Founder(s) William C. Durant Headquarters Renaissance Center Detroit Michigan United States Area served Worldwide Key people Daniel Akerson (Chairman and CEO) Products Automobiles Financial Services Revenue US$ 135.592 billion (2010)1 Operating income US$ 5.084 billion (2010)1 Net income US$ 6.172 billion (2010)1 Total assets US$ 138.898 billion (2010)1 Total equity US$ 36.180 billion (2010)1 Employees 209000 (2010)2 Divisions Chevrolet Buick Cadillac GMC Subsidiaries OnStar Adam Opel AG GM Holden Ltd GM Financial Vauxhall Motors GM Korea General Motors do Brasil Website GM.com

General Motors Company (commonly known as General Motors Government Motors or GM) (NYSE: GM TSX: GMM.U) is an American multinational automotive corporation headquartered in Detroit Michigan and the world's second-largest automaker (after Toyota).3 The old General Motors Corporation was founded in 1908 and was reestablished as of July 10 2009.4 GM employs 209000 people in every major region of the world and does business in some 157 countries. General Motors produces cars and trucks in 31 countries and sells and services these vehicles through the following divisions/brands: Buick Cadillac Chevrolet GMC Opel Vauxhall and Holden as well as two joint ventures in China. GM's OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety security and information services.

On June 8 2009 General Motors filed for reorganization under the provisions of Chapter 11 Title 11 United States Code. On July 10 2009 with financing partially provided by the US Government the company emerged from reorganization and was listed on major stock exchanges on November 18 2010 with the world's largest IPO.565 Contents 1 Corporate governance 1.1 Recent results 2 World presence 2.1 North America 2.2 Asia 2.3 Africa 3 Racing heritage 4 Philanthropy 5 Research and development 6 Small car sales 7 Environmental initiatives 7.1 Hybrid electric vehicles 7.2 All-electric vehicles 7.3 Battery packs for electric vehicles 7.4 Hydrogen initiative 7.5 Flexible-fuel vehicles 8 History 8.1 Chapter 11 reorganization 9 Brand reorganization 9.1 Discontinued brands 9.2 Former subsidiaries 9.3 Former affiliates 9.4 Spin-offs 10 See also 10.1 People 10.2 Industry associations 10.3 Competitions 10.4 Lists 10.5 Category 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Corporate governance

General Motors is headquartered at the Renaissance Center in Detroit. It employs approximately 209000 people around the world. In 2009 General Motors sold 6.5 million cars and trucks globally. General Motors' recent growth has been in the People's Republic of China where its sales rose 66.9 percent in 2009 selling 1830000 vehicles and accounting for 13.4 percent of the market.7 Calendar Year U.S. sales Chg/yr. 19988 4603991 1999 5017150 9.0% 20009 4953163 1.3% 2001 4904015 1.0% 2002 4858705 0.9% 2003 4756403 2.1% 200410 4707416 1.0% 2005 4517730 4.0% 200611 4124645 8.7% 2007 3866620 6.3% 200812 2980688 22.9% 200913 2084492 30.1% 201014 2215227 6.3%

On July 23 2009 GM announced its new Board of Directors: Dan Akerson David Bonderman Robert D. Krebs Patricia F. Russo and Ed Whitacre (GM Chairman and Interim Chief Executive Officer). Board members who are not GM employees will be paid US$200000 annually.15

As of December 1 2009 The General Motors Board of Directors accepted Frederick Henderson's resignation. In January 2010 chairman Whitacre was appointed permanent chief executive officer after previously serving in an interim capacity.16

Executive management:17 Daniel Akerson Chief Executive Officer & Chairman of the Board of Directors Daniel Ammann Chief Financial Officer Thomas G. Stephens Vice Chairman Global Chief Technology Officer Mark Reuss President GM North America David Nick Reilly President GM Europe; Chairman Adam Opel AG Timothy E. Lee President GM International Operations (Asia-Pacific Latin America Africa and Middle East) Edward T. Welburn Vice President of Global Design for GM18

As part of the company's advertising Ed Whitacre announced the company's 60-day money-back guarantee and repayment of $6.7 billion loan from government ahead of schedule.19 On August 12 2010 GM announced that Whitacre would relinquish the CEO position effective September 1 2010 and that of Chairman of the Board at the end of the year to be replaced in those functions by current board member Dan Akerson.20 Between emerging from bankruptcy and March 2011 the company has had three chief executive officers and three chief financial officers.21 Recent results

On February 24 2011 General Motors reported its first full-year profit since 2004. It can carry forward previous losses to reduce tax liability on future earnings. It earned $4.7 billion in 2010. The Wall Street Journal estimated the tax break including credits for costs related to pensions and other expenses can be worth as much as $45 billion over the next 20 years.22 World presence North America GM World Headquarters in Detroit

In North America GM products focus primarily on its four core divisions Chevrolet Cadillac Buick and GMC. The White House characterized the GM restructuring as a shift toward a new leaner greener GM which will aim to break even with annual sales much lower than previously stated.23 President Obama declared that the restructuring "will mark the end of an old GM and the beginning of a new GM; a new GM that can produce the high-quality safe and fuel-efficient cars of tomorrow; that can lead America towards an energy independent future; and that is once more a symbol of America's success."24 In the mid 2005 GM announced that its corporate chrome power emblem "Mark of Excellence" would begin appearing on all recently introduced and all-new 2006 model vehicles produced and sold in North America. However in 2009 the "New GM" reversed this saying that emphasis on its four core divisions would downplay the GM logo.25 GM worldwide 2008 vehicle sales26 (thousands) Rank in GM Location Vehicle sales Market share (%) 1 USA 2981 22.1% 2 China (PRC) 1095 12.0% 3  Brazil 549 19.5% 4  United Kingdom 384 15.4% 5  Canada 359 21.4% 6  Russia 338 11.1% 7  Germany 300 8.8% 8  Mexico 212 19.8% 9  Australia 133 13.1% 10  South Korea 117 9.7% 11  France 114 4.4% 12  Spain 107 7.8% 13  Argentina 95 15.5% 14  Venezuela 91 33.3% 15  Colombia 80 36.3% 16  India 66 3.3% Asia The company manufactures most of its China market vehicles locally through Shanghai GM a joint venture with the Chinese company SAIC which was created on March 25 1997. The Shanghai GM plant was officially opened on December 15 1998 when the first Chinese-built Buick came off the assembly line. The SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile joint-venture is also successfully selling microvans under the Wuling marque (34 percent owned by GM). The Buick brand is especially strong in China led by the Buick Excelle subcompact. The last emperor of China owned a Buick.27 The Cadillac brand was introduced in China in 2004 starting with exports to China. GM pushed the marketing of the Chevrolet brand in China in 2005 as well transferring Buick Sail to that marque. In August 2009 the joint venture of FAW GM Light Duty Commercial Vehicle Co Ltd was formed that mainly produces Jiefang light-duty trucks.28 GM increased its sales in China by 68 percent to 230048 vehicles in March 2010 outsold its U.S. sales of 188546 by 22 percent. And the company said it is on track to sell more than 2 million vehicles in China in 2010 four years ahead of its plan.29 GM set up an auto research center as part of a USD250 million corporate campus in Shanghai to develop 'gasoline-hybrid cars electric vehicles and alternative fuels engines and new technologies'.30 The company plans to double its sales from 2010 to about 5 million units in China by 2015.31 SAIC-GM- Wuling establishes low-cost brand Baojun to better compete with domestic rivals Chery Geely and BYD for first-time buyers of cars priced around USD10000. It is estimated that such market in China is about 5 million vehicles a year larger than the auto market in France and Britain combined. However some are worried that 'local brands like Baojun could eventually become threats to their parent brands if they compete more against established models over time'. Shanghai-GM-Wuling sold 1.23 million vehicles in 2010 mainly commercial vans and trucks of which about 700000 unit was a van called Sunshine.32 Africa General Motors has a long history in Egypt which began in the 1920s with the assembling of cars and light pickup trucks for the local market. In the mid of the 1950s GM withdrew from the Egyptian market. Some year later the Ghabbour Brothers began to assemble Cadillac Chevrolet and Buick models up to the 1990s. Since 1983 GM and Al-Monsour Automotive Company has founded the General Motors Egypt which is currently the only manufacturer of traditional GM branded vehicles in Egypt. The Speranza Motors is a big company which started in the 1990s with the SKD assembling of Daewoo cars. Today the main products of Speranza are from the Chinese Chery concern. GM began operating in South Africa in 1913 through its wholly owned subsidiary General Motors South Africa. Following the passage of the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act in 1986 GM was forced to divest from South Africa and GMSA became the independent Delta Motor Corporation. GM purchased a 49% stake in Delta in 1997 following the end of apartheid and acquired the remaining 51% in 2004 reverting the company to its original name. Another manufacturing base of the GM for the African markets is the Industries Mcaniques Maghrbines headquartered in Kairouan Tunisia which assembles Isuzu and Mazda models for the Maghreb region. Another assembly plant of the GM is the General Motors East Africa located in Nairobi Kenya which assembles cars of the Opel brand. The General Motors Nigeria was founded in the 1920's as Miller Brothers Nigeria. The company was a importer for commercial vehicles of the Bedford brand. In 1949 the company opened its own assembly plant. At this time the company was operating under the name Niger/Nigeria Motors. Another renaming was in 1965 as the plant ant its distribution network was splitted into different companies. From now on the plant was known as the Federated Motors Industries. The currently name of the company was given in 1991 when the company was formed into a joint-venture between General Motors and uac of Nigeria. Racing heritage GM has participated over the years in the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) 24 Hours of Le Mans Nascar SCCA and many other world venues. Chevrolet Cruze in the WTCC Corvette Racing Team in the American Le Mans Series GM's engines were highy successful in the Indy Racing League (IRL) throughout the 1990s winning many races in the small V-8 class. GM has also done much work in the development of electronics for GM auto racing. An unmodified Aurora V-8 in the Aerotech captured 47 world records including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Recently the Cadillac V-Series has entered motorsports racing. GM has also used many cars in the American racing series NASCAR. Currently the Chevrolet Impala is the only entry in the series but in the past the Pontiac Grand Prix Buick Regal Oldsmobile Cutlass Chevrolet Lumina Chevrolet Malibu and the Chevrolet Monte Carlo were also used. In Australia there is the V8 Supercar Championship which is battled out by the two main rivals of (GM) Holden and Ford. The current Holden Racing Team cars are based on the Holden Commodore and run a 5.0-litre V8-cylinder engine producing 635 bhp (474 kW). These cars have a top speed of 318 km/h (198 mph) and run 0100 km/h in 3.8 seconds. The Holden Racing Team is Australia's most successful team in Australian Touring Car History. In 2006 & 2007 the Drivers championship was won by the very closely linked HSV Dealer Team. Philanthropy Since 1996 General Motors has been the exclusive source of funding for Safe Kids USA's "Safe Kids Buckle Up" program a national initiative to ensure child automobile safety through education and inspection.33 Through 2002 the Pace Awards program led by GM EDS and SUN Microsystems gave over $1.2 billion of in-kind contributions which includes computers to over 18 universities to support engineering education.34 In 2009 the GM led group has helped the Pace Awards program worldwide.35 General Motors is a leading contributor to charity. In 2004 GM gave $51200000 in cash contributions and $17200000 in-kind donations to charitable causes.36 Research and development GM R&D was the worlds first automotive research center. It was organized in 1920 by inventor Charles F. Kettering. Headquartered in Warren Michigan the GM Research Lab is a network of six laboratories six science offices and collaborative relationships in over twelve countries including working relationships with universities government groups suppliers and other partners from across the globe. Small car sales Chevrolet Aveo Conceptlater went into production as the Chevy Sonic As part of General Motors Company development it plans to revive one of its idled U.S. factories for the production of a small car in Orion Michigan with the creation of 1200 American jobs. This will be first time ever a large manufacture producing a Supermini vehicle in the United States. The new small car will add to a group of small and fuel-efficient vehicles that the company is planning to roll out in the near future. This retooled plant will be capable of building 160000 cars annually including both small and compact vehicles.37 Environmental initiatives The 2011 Chevrolet Volt a breakthrough vehicle for GM is a plug-in electric vehicle. General Motors is one of the leading users in renewable energy. The company has published principles regarding the environment and maintains an extensive website to inform the public. In 2008 General Motors committed to engineering half of its manufacturing plants to be landfill-free. In order to achieve its landfill-free status production waste is recycled or reused in the manufacturing process. The world's largest rooftop solar power installation was installed at General Motors Spanish Zaragoza Manufacturing Plant in fall 2008. The Zaragoza solar installation has about 2000000 square feet (190000 m2) of roof at the plant and contains about 85000 solar panels. The installation was created owned and operated by Veolia Environment and Clairvoyant Energy who lease the rooftop area from General Motors. 383940 The company has long worked on alternative-technology vehicles and has recentlywhen led the industry with ethanol-burning flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on either E85 (ethanol) or gasoline. The company was the first to use turbochargers and was an early proponent of V6 engines in the 1960s but quickly lost interest as the muscle car race took hold. They demonstrated41 gas turbine vehicles powered by kerosene an area of interest throughout the industry but abandoned the alternative engine configuration in view of the 1973 oil crisis. In the 1970s and 1980s GM pushed the benefits of diesel engines and cylinder deactivation technologies with disastrous results due to poor durability in the Oldsmobile diesels and drivability issues in the Cadillac V8-6-4 variable-cylinder engines. In 1987 GM in conjunction with AeroVironment built the Sunraycer which won the inaugural World Solar Challenge and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the General Motors EV1. GM supported a compromise version of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard increase from 27 mpg-US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg-imp) to 35 mpg-US (6.7 L/100 km; 42 mpg-imp) the first such increase in over 20 years.42 GM announced they will introduce more Volt-based plug-in hybrids. Hybrid electric vehicles Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid In May 2004 GM delivered the world's first full-sized hybrid pickups the 1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra. These mild hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion like GM's later designs. In 2005 the Opel Astra diesel Hybrid concept vehicle was introduced. The 2006 Saturn Vue Green Line was the first hybrid passenger vehicle from GM and is also a mild design. GM has hinted at new hybrid technologies to be employed that will be optimized for higher speeds in freeway driving. GM currently offers the 2-mode hybrid system used by the Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon and will later be used on the Saturn Vue (cancelled) Cadillac Escalade GM 1/2-ton pickups and possibly other vehicles.43 GM has recentlywhen introduced the Chevrolet Volt which is an electric vehicle with back-up generators powered by gasoline. The production Chevrolet Volt was available in late 2010 as a 2011 model with limited availability.44 GM delivered the first Volt during December 2010. The GM Magic Bus is a hybrid-powered bus.45 All-electric vehicles General Motors was the first American company (in the modern era) to release an all-electric automobile. In 1990 GM debuted the "Impact" concept car at the Los Angeles Auto Show. It was the first car with zero-emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was eventually produced as the EV1 for the 1996 model year. It was available through dealers located in only a few regions (e.g. California Arizona Georgia). Vehicles were leased rather than sold to individuals. In 1999 GM decided to cease production of the vehicles. When the individual leases had expired they declined to renew the leases or allow the lessors to purchase them. All of the EV1s were eventually returned to General Motors and with the exception of a few which were donated to museums all were destroyed.citation needed General Motors has announced that it is building a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with Segway. An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility vehicledubbed Project P.U.M.A. will be shown off in New York a day ahead of the press previews for the 2009 New York International Auto Show.46dated info Battery packs for electric vehicles GM builds battery packs in southern Michigan.44 GM also established an automotive battery laboratory in Michigan.47 GM will be responsible for battery management systems and power electronics thermal management as well as the pack assembly. An existing GM facility at Brownstown Township was chosen to be upgraded as battery pack plant.44 LG Chem's U.S. subsidiary Compact Power of Troy Michigan has been building the prototype packs for the development vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and act as a liaison for the program. Hydrogen initiative Sequel a fuel cell-powered vehicle from GM GM has prided its research and prototype development of hydrogen powered vehicles44 to be produced in early 2010 using a support infrastructure still in a prototype state. The economic feasibility of the technically challenging hydrogen car and the low-cost production of hydrogen to fuel it has also been discussed by other automobile manufacturers such as Ford and Chrysler. In June 2007 Larry Burns vice president of research and development said he's not yet willing to say exactly when hydrogen vehicles will be mass produced but he said it should happen before 2020 the year many experts have predicted. He said "I sure would be disappointed if we weren't there" before 2020.48 Flexible-fuel vehicles GM produces several flexible-fuel vehicles that can operate on E85 ethanol fuel or gasoline or any blend of both. Since 2006 GM started featuring a bright yellow gas cap to remind drivers of the E85 capabilities49505152 and also using badging with the text "Flexfuel/E85 Ethanol" to clearly mark the car as an E85 FFV.5354 GM is the leader in E85 flex fuel vehicles with over 3 million FlexFuel vehicles on the road in the U.S. As of 2009 GM offers 18 ethanol-enabled FlexFuel cars and trucks in the US and produces more than one million new FlexFuel vehicles. GM's goal is to have half of their annual vehicle production be E85 or biodiesel capable by 2012.55 History Main article: History of General Motors The company was founded on September 16 1908 in Flint Michigan as a holding company for Buick then controlled by William C. Durant. At the turn of the 20th century there were fewer than 8000 automobiles in America and Durant had become a leading manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles in Flint MI before making his foray into the automotive industry.56 GM's co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GM's creation. Over the years Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM and spent his life with his Mott Foundation which has benefited the city of Flint his adopted home. It acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909 Durant brought in Cadillac Elmore Oakland and several others. Also in 1909 GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso Michigan and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac Michigan the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers' trust because of the large amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions coupled with a collapse in new vehicle sales. The longest-lived continuous automobile nameplate still in production is the Chevrolet Suburban The next year Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company and through this he secretly purchased a controlling interest in GM. Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916. Shortly after he again lost control this time for good after the new vehicle market collapsed. Alfred P. Sloan was picked to take charge of the corporation and led it to its post-war global dominance. This unprecedented growth of GM would last into the early 1980s when it employed 349000 workers and operated 150 assembly plants. GM led global sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007 longer than any other automaker. In 2008 and 2009 GM has ranked as the second largest global automaker by sales. GM is expected to retake the number one spot at the end of 2011 from Toyota.57 Chapter 11 reorganization Main article: General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization GM had filed for Chapter 11 reorganization on June 8 2009. On July 10 2009 General Motors emerged from Chapter 11 reorganization.5658 The Company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange again on November 18 2010 following a US$33-a-share initial public offering of US$23 billion including preferred shares. The shareholding in the Company by the U.S. Treasury department is reduced from about 61% to about 33% including preferred shares and accounting for stock options given to former GM bondholders.5960 Disposal of such shares gave the Treasury department about US$13.6 billion in proceeds. It was previously estimated that the Treasury has to sell GM shares at an average of $43.67 a share to break even. SAIC Motor partner of GM in China and India acquired just less than 1 percent of the new GM for about $500 million.6162 Brand reorganization Brand Year Markets Buick 1903 North America China Cadillac 1902 Global (except South America India South East Asia Australia) GMC 1901 North America Middle East Chevrolet 1911 Global (except Australia New Zealand) Vauxhall 1925 United Kingdom Opel 1929 Europe (ex. United Kingdom) Middle East/Africa Asia/Pacific South America Holden 1948 Australia New Zealand As part of the company reorganization the content and the structure of its brand portfolio (its brand architecture) was reorganized.63 Some nameplates like Pontiac Saturn Hummer and service brands like Goodwrench were discontinued. Others like Saab were sold.64 The practice of putting the "GM Mark of Excellence" on every car no matter what the brand was discontinued in August 2009.65 The company has moved from a corporate-endorsed hybrid brand architecture structure where GM underpinned every brand to a multiple brand corporate invisible brand architecture structure.66 The company's familiar square blue "badge" has been removed from the Web site and advertising in favor of a new subtle all-text logo treatment.63 In 2011 GM discontinued the Daewoo brand in South Korea and replaced it with the Chevrolet brand.67 Discontinued brands Welch (19031911) Rainier (19051911) Welch-Marquette (see Marquette) Cartercar (19051915) Elmore (19091912) Rapid Truck (19091912) Reliance Truck (19091912) Welch-Detroit (19101911) Marquette (1912) Peninsular (1912) (see Marquette) Samson Tractor (19171922) Scripps-Booth (19171923) Marquette (1930) Oakland (19091931) Viking (19291931) LaSalle (19271940) McLaughlin (19181942) Yellow Coach (19251943) Beaumont (19661969) Envoy (19601970) Acadian (19621971) Ranger (19681976) Bedford Vehicles (19271987) General Motors Diesel Division (19381987) Passport (19881991) Asna (19931995) Geo (19891997) Oldsmobile (18972004) Pontiac (19262010) Saturn (19852010) Hummer (19982010) GM Goodwrench (19772011) Daewoo (19822011) Former subsidiaries Frigidaire (19191979) sold to Ohio-based White Consolidated Industries Lotus (19861993) sold to Luxembourg-based A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. Saab (19902010) sold to Dutch sports car manufacturer Spyker Cars N.V. Former affiliates Fiat (20002005) GM owned 20 percent at one time with put option68 Fuji Heavy Industries manufacturer of Subaru (19992006) GM owned 20 percent at one time69 Isuzu (19712006) GM owned 49 percent at one time70 Suzuki (19812008) GM owned over 20 percent at one time71 Spin-offs GM Defense 19502003 was once part of General Motors Diesel Division and as General Dynamics Land Systems division of General Dynamics Electro Motive Division of General Motors was also once part of General Motors Diesel Division and now known as Electro-Motive Diesel Detroit Diesel sold to Penske Corporation; broken up and portion sold to the former Daimler-Chrysler AG (now Daimler AG); now part of Daimler AG Transit division was sold to Motor Coach Industries and Transportation Manufacturing Corporation RTS and Classic bus rights owned by MCI And TMC were sold off to Nova Bus; now produced by Millennium Transit Services Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited spun off and later acquired by General Motors Canada as Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited EDS Electronic Data Systems Hughes Electronics sold to News Corporation in 2003 1999 GM spun off its parts making operations as Delphi See also Automotive industry History of General Motors People Daniel Akerson David Dunbar Buick Louis Chevrolet John DeLorean William C. 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"GM's Baojun lineup in China could expand quickly". http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/21/us-gm-china-idUKTRE73K07920110421.  Safe Kids USA. SK Buckle Up usa.safekids.org. Retrieved 24/02/08. "197108-15 PaceNewsv6" (PDF). http://www.pacepartners.org/filespub/news2002q3.pdf. Retrieved December 4 2010.  Pace Partners. Retrieved on July 8 2009. GM Philanthrophy.Business Week 2005. Retrieved on July 9 2009. "Restructured GM To Build a New Small Car in the United States". United States Department of Energy. June 3 2009. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/newsdetail.cfm/newsid12550.  GM Adding World's Largest Rooftop Solar Power Installation to Zaragoza Plant .GM.com (July 8 2008). Retrieved December 4 2010. Reuters UK (July 8 2008).GM Europe puts solar roof on Spanish plant. Retrieved December 4 2010. Guardian (July 9 2008). GM installs world's biggest rooftop solar panels. Retrieved December 4 2010. Conklin Systems (tec@conklinsystems.com) (November 21 1952). "America's First Turbine Car". Conklinsystems.com. http://www.conklinsystems.com/firebird/mlife.php. Retrieved December 4 2010.  GM workers lobbying for less-stringent CAFE ruledead link Higgs Tom. "Patents General Motors". October 17 2008. a b c d Eberle Ulrich; von Helmolt Rittmar (May 14 2010). "Sustainable transportation based on electric vehicle concepts: a brief overview". Royal Society of Chemistry. http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/EE/article.aspdoic001674h. Retrieved June 8 2010.  "GM's Hybrid Propulsion System for Transit Buses". Archived from the original on May 26 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070526073022/http%3A//www.gm.com/company/gmability/advtech/300hybrids/indexbus.html. Retrieved May 22 2007.  Shepardson David; Priddleurl Alisa (April 7 2009). "GM To Roll Out Two-Seat Urban Electric Prototype Two-Seater Targeting City Driving To Hit 35 Miles per Hour". The Detroit News. http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/articleAID/20090407/AUTO01/904070332/1148/&sourcenletter-business. Retrieved June 1 2009.  "EERE News: GM to Buy Lithium-Ion Batteries Cells for the Chevy Volt from LG Chem". Apps1.eere.energy.gov. January 14 2009. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/newsdetail.cfm/newsid12177. Retrieved June 1 2009.  Tom Krisher "GM steps up work on hydrogen cars" BusinessWeek. June 15 2007 Ken Thomas (May 7 2007). "'Flex-fuel' Vehicles Touted". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/environment/2007-05-05-ethanolvehiclesN.htm. Retrieved September 15 2008.  Gable Christine; Gable Scott. "Yellow E85 Gas Cap". About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/vehiclebuyingguide/ig/Alt-fuels---New-York-Auto-Show/Yellow-E85-gas-cap.htm. Retrieved September 18 2008.  Neff John (October 6 2006). "More Gas Cap News: Chrysler Going Yellow for E85". AutoBlog. http://www.autoblog.com/2006/08/10/more-gas-cap-news-chrysler-going-yellow-for-e85/. Retrieved October 8 2008.  Abuelsamid Sam (March 28 2007). "AFVI: Ford Confirms That All 2008 Police Interceptors Will be Flex-Fuel". AutobogGreen. http://www.autobloggreen.com/2007/03/28/afvi-ford-confirms-that-all-2008-police-interceptors-will-be-fl/. Retrieved October 8 2008.  Gable Christine; Gqble Scott. "2008 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 4WD LT2 Flex-Fuel Truck Test Drive". About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/2008flexfuelreviews/fr/08SilveradoFFV2.htm. Retrieved October 3 2008.  Gable Christine; Gable Scott. "2007 Chevrolet Suburban 4WD 1500 LT test drive". About.com: Hybrid Cars & Alt Fuels. http://alternativefuels.about.com/od/flexfuelffvreviews/fr/2007Suburban2.htm. Retrieved October 3 2008.  General Motors Fuel Economy & Alternative Fuels E85 Ethanoldead link "GM History". General Motors Company. http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/history/historyPopUp.jsp0. Retrieved February 9 2011.  Strott Elizabeth (January 21 2009). "Toyota Takes Sales Crown from GM". MSN Money (Microsoft Money). http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Dispatch/Toyota-takes-sales-crown-from-GM.aspx. Retrieved June 1 2009.  verification needed Stoll John D.; King Jr. Neil (July 10 2009).GM Emerges from Bankruptcy. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 10 2009. Bill Vlasic (November 18 2010). "GM Chrysler Beef Up Lobbying Despite Government Ownership". New York Times. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/14/gm-chrysler-lobby-strong-n809042.html.  Huffpost Business (January 14 2011). "For GM a Big Day on Wall Street". TheHuffingtonPost.com. http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/11/18/g-m-shares-big-day/.  Bill Vlasic (November 18 2010). "For GM a Big Day on Wall Street". New York Times. http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/11/18/g-m-shares-big-day/.  David Welch and Lee Spears (November 12 2010). "GM IPO Said Likely to Price at High End or Above". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-12/gm-s-ipo-said-likely-to-price-at-high-end-or-above-with-saic-seeking-stake.html.  a b "General Motors: A Reorganized Brand Architecture for a Reorganized Company " Merriam Associates Inc. Brand Strategies". Merriamassociates.com. November 22 2010. http://merriamassociates.com/2010/11/general-motors-a-reorganized-brand-architecture-for-a-reorganized-company/. Retrieved December 4 2010.  "America's Fastest-Dying Car Brands". Forbes. April 27 2009. http://www.forbes.com/2009/04/27/dying-car-brands-lifestyle-vehicles-pontiac.html. Retrieved December 4 2010.  "General Motors to remove its 'Mark of Excellence' logos from new cars - Drive On: A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive". USA Today. August 26 2009. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2009/08/68497806/1. Retrieved December 4 2010.  Rob Huckels. "Approaches to Brand Architecture " Merriam Associates Inc. Brand Strategies". Merriamassociates.com. http://merriamassociates.com/2009/09/approaches-to-brand-architecture/. Retrieved December 4 2010.  "GM Korea Says Goodbye To Daewoo Hello To Chevrolet". Bernama. February 28 2011. http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsworld.phpid567096. Retrieved April 25 2011.  "Italy: Hapless Fiat Wants To Force GM Hand". United Press International. http://www.upi.com/BusinessNews/2004/12/15/Italy-Hapless-Fiat-wants-to-force-GM-hand/UPI-92961103125155/. Retrieved June 1 2009.  "GM to Sell Its Stake in Fuji Heavy Industries". Los Angeles Times. October 6 2005. http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/06/business/fi-gm6. Retrieved June 1 2009.  "GM Sells Isuzu Shares for $300 million to Japanese Trading Companies Bank". USA Today. April 11 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2006-04-11-isuzu-salex.htm. Retrieved June 1 2009.  "GM Sells Equity Stake in Suzuki". Cartype. November 17 2008. http://www.cartype.com/pages/3403/gmsellsequitystakeinsuzuki. Retrieved June 1 2009.  GM gets 60 days names Henderson CEO GM CEO: Bankruptcy looks more probable Further reading Articles "G.M.s Road From Prosperity to Crisis". The New York Times. May 31 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/05/31/business/20090531GMTIMELINE.html. Retrieved June 1 2009.  Bunkley Nick (undated). "Automotive Industry Crisis". The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/creditcrisis/autoindustry/index.html. Retrieved June 1 2009.  Books Barabba Vincent P. (2004). Surviving Transformation: Lessons from GM's Surprising Turnaround. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195171419. OCLC 474580094. http://books.google.ca/booksidVvbDYad7cLoC&lpgPP1&dqSurviving%20Transformation%3A%20Lessons%20from%20GM's%20Surprising%20Turnaround&pgPP1#vonepage&q&ftrue.  Chandler Alfred D. Jr. (1964). Giant Enterprise: Ford General Motors and the Automobile Industry. New York: Harcourt Brace & World. ISBN 9780405133497. OCLC 63017200.  Cray Ed (1980). Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070134935. OCLC 6223723.  Farber David R. (2002). Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226238043. OCLC 49558636. http://books.google.ca/booksidCysLGUDseQAC&lpgPP1&dqSloan%20Rules%3A%20Alfred%20P.%20Sloan%20and%20the%20Triumph%20of%20General%20Motors&pgPP1#vonepage&q&ftrue.  Gustin Lawrence R. (2008) 1973. Billy Durant: Creator of General Motors. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472033027. OCLC 179794253.  Halberstam David (1986). The Reckoning. A Thomas Congdon book. New York: Morrow. ISBN 9780688048389. OCLC 246158814.  Keller Maryann (1989). Rude Awakening: The Rise Fall and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors. New York: Morrow. ISBN 9780688075279. OCLC 423222597.  Kimes Beverly Rae (editor) (1989). The Standard Catalogue of American Cars 18051942 2nd edition. Iola Wisconsin: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-111-0.  Leslie Stuart W. (1983). Boss Kettering. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231056007. OCLC 8845819.  Maxton Graeme P.; Wormald John (2004). Time for a Model Change: Re-Engineering the Global Automotive Industry. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521837156. OCLC 54826137. http://books.google.ca/booksid3aN6rxZG2p0C&lpgPP1&dqTime%20for%20a%20Model%20Change%3A%20Re-Engineering%20the%20Global%20Automotive%20Industry&pgPP1#vonepage&q&ftrue.  Maynard Micheline (2003). The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market. New York: Currency/Doubleday. ISBN 9780385507691. OCLC 52623614.  Pelfrey William (2006). Billy Alfred and General Motors: The Story of Two Unique Men a Legendary Company and a Remarkable Time in American History. New York: AMACOM. ISBN 9780814408698. OCLC 61362777. http://books.google.ca/booksidHYFIiIll2eIC&lpgPP1&dqBilly%2C%20Alfred%2C%20and%20General%20Motors%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20Two%20Unique%20Men%2C%20a%20Legendary%20Company%2C%20and%20a&pgPP1#vonepage&q&ftrue.  Rae John Bell (1965). The American Automobile; A Brief History. The Chicago history of American civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 236834.  Sloan Alfred P. (1964) McDonald John ed. My Years with General Motors Garden City NY USA: Doubleday OCLC 802024 LCCN 64-011306 http://books.google.com/booksidqHJEAAAAIAAJ. Republished in 1990 with a new introduction by Peter Drucker (ISBN 978-0385042352).  Weisberger Bernard A. (1979). The Dream Maker: William C. Durant Founder of General Motors. Boston: Little Brown. ISBN 9780316928748. OCLC 5736758.  External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: General Motors gm.com General Motors official website GM wiki frozen in May of 2010 as part of GM Heritage Center website General Motors Imagefilm (1964 Condor Films Works about General Motors in libraries (WorldCat catalog) v d eGeneral Motors GM lists GM factories  GM platforms  GM engines  GM transmissions  GM vehicles by brand Divisions / operating groups / joint ventures ACDelco  Ally (4.0%)  CAMI Automotive  Coskata Inc.  DMAX (engines) (50%)  GM Financial  GM Performance Division  GM Powertrain Europe  General Motors Amrica do Sul  General Motors Canada  General Motors de Mexico  General Motors do Brasil  General Motors India (Chevrolet Sales India Private Limited)  General Motors Research Laboratories  General Motors South Africa  Global Hybrid Cooperation  GM Components Holdings  GM Goodwrench  GM Service and Parts Operations  GM Ventures  Holden  Holden New Zealand  Holden Special Vehicles  HRL Laboratories (50%)  Isuzu Motors Polska  OnStar  Opel  Opel Performance Center  Vauxhall Motors Former divisions and joint ventures Allison Engine Company (19291995)  Allison Transmission (19292007)  Atlantic Aircraft  Dayton-Wright Company (19191923)  Delco Electronics  Delphi Automotive Systems (1994-1999)  Detroit Diesel (19381988)  DirecTV (19942003)  Electro-Motive Diesel (19302004)  Electronic Data Systems (19841996)  Euclid Trucks (19531968)  Fisher Body  Fleetwood Metal Body  Frigidaire (19191980)  General Motors Europe (19862010)  General Motors Diesel Division (19381987)  General Motors Diesel (19491969)  Ghandhara Industries (19531963)  GM Defense (19502003)  GMAC Real Estate(1998-2008)  GM Truck & Bus Group (19431981)  GMC Heavy Trucks  Hughes Aircraft (19851997)  Hughes Electronics (19851997)  Hughes Network Systems (19872003)  HughesNet (DirecWay/DirecPC) (19962003)  Hummer (19982010)  Kettering University  National City Lines  New United Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI; 19842009)  New Venture Gear (36% 19902002)  Nexteer (20092010)  North American Aviation (19331948)  Nuvell Financial Services (19972008)  PanAmSat (19952003)  Remy Electric (19181994)  Rochester Products Division  Terex  Saturn Corporation (19852010)  Terminal Taxi Cab  United Australian Automobile Industries (UAAI; 19891996)  Winton Motor Carriage Company  Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company (19251943) Category v d eAutomotive marques of General Motors and those of its affiliates and former affiliates Baojun  Buick  Cadillac  Chevrolet  GMC  Holden  Jiefang  Opel  Vauxhall  Wuling Affiliates GM-AvtoVAZ  GM Korea (70.1%)  Shanghai GM (49%)  SAIC-GM-Wuling (34%) Former affiliates Fiat (20002005; up to 20%)  Isuzu (c.19712006; up to 49%)  Lotus (c.19861993; up to 100%)  Saab (c.19892010; up to 100%)  Subaru (c.19992006; 20%)  Suzuki (19852008; up to 15%) Defunct marques Acadian (19621971)  Asna (19921995)  Beaumont (19661969)  Bedford Vehicles (19301986)  Cartercar (19051915)  Daewoo (19372011)  Elmore (18931912)  Geo (19891997)  Hummer (19922010)  LaSalle (19271940)  Marquette (19291930)  McLaughlin (19181942)  Oakland (19071931)  Oldsmobile (18972004)  Passport (19881991)  Pontiac (19262010)  Ranger (19681976)  Saturn (19852010)  Scripps-Booth (19131923)  Sheridan (19201921)  Statesman (19711984)  Viking (19291931)  Yellow Coach (19251943) v d eLate-2000s financial crisis Late 2000s recession  2008 G-20 Washington summit  APEC Peru 2008  2009 G-20 London Summit  2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit  APEC Singapore 2009  2010 G-20 Toronto summit  2010 G-20 Seoul summit Specific issues United States housing market correction  World food price crisis  Energy crisis (Central Asia)  Subprime mortgage crisis (timeline List of writedowns)  Automotive industry crisis  200810 California budget crisis  Future of newspapers  List of entities involved (Bankrupt or acquired banks Bankrupt retailers)  Effects upon museums  Banking revelations in Ireland  Resurgence of Keynesianism  January 2008 Socit Gnrale trading loss incident  European sovereign debt crisis By country (or region) Belgium  Greece  Iceland  Ireland  Latvia  Russia  Spain  Ukraine  (Europe  Africa  Americas  Asia  Oceania)  Legislation and policy responses Banking and finance stability and reform Banking (Special Provisions) Act 2008  Commercial Paper Funding Facility  Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008  Troubled Asset Relief Program  Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility  Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program  2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package  2008 East Asian meetings  Obama financial regulatory reform plan of 2009  Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Act 2009  2009 G-20 London Summit  Irish emergency budget 2009  National Asset Management Agency  Irish budget 2010  Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act  Bank stress tests: EU US Stimulus and recovery National fiscal policy response to the late 2000s recession  Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008  Economic Stimulus Act of 2008  2008 Chinese economic stimulus plan  2008 European Union stimulus plan  American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009  Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009  Green New Deal  Companies and banking institutions Companies in bankruptcy reorganization administration or other insolvency proceedings. 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(details)  Dunfermline Building Society  Other topics Alleged frauds and fraudsters Stanford Financial Group (Allen Stanford) (Laura Pendergest-Holt)  Fairfield Greenwich Group  UBS  Sean FitzPatrick (Anglo Irish Bank)  Kazutsugi Nami (Enten controversy)  Nicholas Cosmo  Arthur Nadel  Paul Greenwood  Stephen Walsh  Angelo Mozilo  Barry Tannenbaum  Raj Rajaratnam (Galleon Group) Proven or admitted frauds and fraudsters Bernard Madoff (Ponzi scheme) (Frank DiPascali) (David G. Friehling)  Satyam Computer Services (accounting scandal) (Ramalinga Raju)  Marc Stuart Dreier  Norman Hsu  Joseph S. Forte  Du Jun  Scott W. Rothstein  Tom Petters Related entities Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation  Federal Reserve System  Federal Housing Administration  Federal Housing Finance Agency  Federal Housing Finance Board  Government National Mortgage Association  Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight  Office of Financial Stability  UK Financial Investments Limited  United States Consumer Financial Protection Bureau  Federal Home Loan Banks Securities involved and financial markets Auction rate securities  Collateralized debt obligations  Collateralized mortgage obligations  Credit default swaps  Mortgage-backed securities  Secondary mortgage market Related topics Bailout  Bank run  2009 California college tuition hike protests  Credit crunch  Dot-com bubble  Economic bubble  Financial contagion  Financial crisis  Great Depression  2008 Greek riots  2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests  Interbank lending market  Jon Stewart's 2009 criticism of CNBC  Liquidity crisis  Capitalism: A Love Story  2009 May Day protests  20102011 Greek protests  2010 French pension reform strikes  2010 UK student protests  20102011 Middle East and North Africa protests  PIIGS  Tea Party protests  Inside Job (film)  2011 United States public employee protests