Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and is located in Southwestern Ontario at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City Windsor Corridor. It is within Essex County Ontario although administratively separated from the county government. Separated by the Detroit River Windsor is actually located south of Detroit Michigan representing a geographical anomaly along the US-Canada border. Windsor is known as The City of Roses and residents are known as Windsorites. Contents 1 History 2 Climate 2.1 Tornadoes 2.2 Air pollution 3 Cityscape 4 Economy 5 Demographics 6 Government 6.1 Current representation 7 New city wards 8 Culture and tourism 8.1 Media 9 Education 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Health systems 10.2 Transportation 10.3 Ambassador Bridge and potential third crossing 11 Skyline 12 Sister cities 13 Sports 13.1 Former teams 13.2 Red Bull Air Races 14 Notable people 15 See also 16 References 17 External links History See also: Neighbourhoods of Windsor Ontario Mackenzie Hall Underground Railroad monument Windsor Ontario

Prior to European exploration and settlement the Windsor area was inhabited by the First Nations and Native American people. Windsor was settled by the French Canadians in 1749 as an agricultural settlement. It is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Canada west of Montreal. The area was first named Petite Cte ("Little Coast" - as opposed to the longer coastline on the Detroit side of the river). Later it was called La Cte de Misre ("Poverty Coast") because of the sandy soils near LaSalle.

Windsor's French Canadian heritage is reflected in many French street names such as Ouellette Pelissier Franois Pierre Langlois Marentette and Lauzon. The current street system of Windsor (a grid with elongated blocks) reflects the Canadien method of agricultural land division where the farms were long and narrow fronting along the river. Today the north-south street name often indicates the name of the family that at one time farmed the land. The street system of outlying areas is consistent with the British system for granting land concessions. There is a significant French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area particularly in the Lakeshore Tecumseh and LaSalle areas. Duff-Baby House

In 1794 after the American Revolution the settlement of "Sandwich" was founded. It was later renamed to Windsor after the town in Berkshire England. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsor's west side is home to some of the oldest buildings in the city including Mackenzie Hall originally built as the Essex County Courthouse in 1855. Today this building functions as a community centre. The oldest building in the city is the Duff-Baby House built in 1792. It is owned by Ontario Heritage Trust and houses government offices. The Franois Baby House in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and houses Windsor's Community Museum dedicated to local history.

The City of Windsor was the site of the Battle of Windsor during the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837. It was also a part of the Patriot War later that year.

Windsor was established as a village in 1854 (the same year the village was connected to the rest of Canada by the Grand Trunk Railway/Canadian National Railway) then became a town in 1858 and ultimately gained city status in 1892.

A fire consumed much of Windsor's downtown core on October 12 1871 destroying over 100 buildings.3

On October 25 1960 a massive gas explosion destroyed the building housing the Metropolitan Store on Ouellette Avenue. Ten people were killed and at least one hundred injured.4 The 45th anniversary of the event was commemorated by the Windsor Star on October 25 2005. It was featured on History Television's Disasters of the Century.

The Windsor Star Centennial Edition in 1992 covered the city's past its success as a railway centre and its contributions to World War I and World War II. It also recalled the naming controversy in 1892 when the town of Windsor aimed to become a city. The most popular names listed in the naming controversy were "South Detroit" "The Ferry" (from the ferries that linked Windsor to Detroit) Windsor and Richmond (the runner-up in popularity). Windsor was chosen to promote the heritage of new English settlers in the city and to recognize Windsor Castle in Berkshire England. However Richmond was a popular name used until the Second World War mainly by the local post office. Sandwich Ford City and Walkerville were separate legal entities (towns) in their own right until 1935. They are now historic neighbourhoods of Windsor. Ford City was officially incorporated as a village in 1912; it became a town in 1915 and a city in 1929. Walkerville was incorporated as a town in 1890. Sandwich was established in 1817 as a town with no municipal status. It was incorporated as a town in 1858 (the same year as neighbouring Windsor). These three towns were each annexed by Windsor in 1935. The nearby villages of Ojibway and Riverside were incorporated in 1913 and 1921 respectively. Both were annexed by Windsor in 1966.5 Climate See also: Weather Records in Windsor Ontario Windsor has a humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dfa) with four distinct seasons. The mean annual temperature is 9.5C (49F) among the warmest in Canada primarily due to its hot summers. Some locations in coastal and lower mainland British Columbia have a slightly higher mean annual temperature due to milder winter conditions. The coldest month is January and the warmest month is July. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Windsor was 29.1 C (20.4 F) and the warmest was 40.2 C (104.4 F).6 Summers are hot humid and the annual average rain is 94 cm (37 inches). Winters are generally cold with occasional mild periods. Windsor is not located in the lake effect snowbelts and snow cover is intermittent throughout the winter; nevertheless there are typically several major snowfall events each winter. Summers are warm and humid and thunderstorms are common. Windsor has the highest number of days per year with lightning haze and daily maximum temperatures over 30 C (86 F) of cities in Canada. Windsor is also home to Canada's warmest fall with highest average temperatures for the months of September October and November. Precipitation is generally well-distributed throughout the year. There are on average 2265 sunshine hours per year in Windsor.7 Tornadoes The strongest and deadliest tornado to touch down in Windsor was a category F4 in 1946. Windsor was the only Canadian city to experience a tornado during the Super Outbreak of 1974 an F3 which killed nine people at the Windsor Curling Club. The city was grazed in 1997 by the Southeast Michigan Tornado Outbreak with one tornado (an F1) forming east of the city. Tornadoes have been recorded crossing the Detroit River (in 1946 and 1997) and waterspouts are regularly seen over Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie especially in autumn. On April 25 2009 an F0 tornado briefly touched down in the city's east end causing minor damage to nearby buildings most notably a CUPE union hall.8 Climate data for Windsor Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high C (F) 17.8 (64) 20.4 (68.7) 26.6 (79.9) 31.1 (88) 34.0 (93.2) 40.2 (104.4) 38.3 (100.9) 37.7 (99.9) 37.2 (99) 32.2 (90) 26.1 (79) 19.6 (67.3) 40.2 (104.4) Average high C (F) 0.9 (30.4) 0.6 (33.1) 6.4 (43.5) 13.4 (56.1) 20.5 (68.9) 25.4 (77.7) 27.9 (82.2) 26.6 (79.9) 22.5 (72.5) 15.6 (60.1) 8.3 (46.9) 1.9 (35.4) 14.0 (57.2) Average low C (F) 8.1 (17.4) 7.0 (19) 2.4 (27.7) 3.0 (37.4) 9.3 (48.7) 14.7 (58.5) 17.4 (63.3) 16.6 (61.9) 12.3 (54.1) 6.2 (43.2) 0.9 (33.6) 4.8 (23.4) 4.9 (40.8) Record low C (F) 29.1 (-20.4) 23.4 (-10.1) 19.4 (-2.9) 9.5 (14.9) 2.8 (27) 2.8 (37) 5.6 (42.1) 5.2 (41.4) 1.1 (30) 5.0 (23) 15.6 (3.9) 23.4 (-10.1) 29.1 (-20.4) Precipitation mm (inches) 57.6 (2.268) 57.3 (2.256) 75.0 (2.953) 85.1 (3.35) 80.8 (3.181) 89.8 (3.535) 81.8 (3.22) 79.7 (3.138) 96.2 (3.787) 64.9 (2.555) 75.5 (2.972) 74.7 (2.941) 918.3 (36.154) Rainfall mm (inches) 28.7 (1.13) 33.3 (1.311) 55.6 (2.189) 80.7 (3.177) 80.7 (3.177) 89.8 (3.535) 81.8 (3.22) 79.7 (3.138) 96.2 (3.787) 64.1 (2.524) 67.3 (2.65) 47.3 (1.862) 805.2 (31.701) Snowfall cm (inches) 35.0 (13.78) 27.5 (10.83) 20.6 (8.11) 4.3 (1.69) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.7 (0.28) 8.3 (3.27) 30.1 (11.85) 126.6 (49.84) Avg. precipitation days 15.1 12.3 13.9 13.3 11.8 11.0 10.2 10.0 10.9 10.5 12.8 14.9 146.7 Avg. rainy days 5.7 5.6 9.4 12.2 11.8 11.0 10.2 10.0 10.9 10.5 10.6 7.9 115.8 Avg. snowy days 12.5 9.1 6.7 2.3 .03 0 0 0 0 .33 3.8 10.2 44.96 Sunshine hours 105.4 127.6 167.4 198 260.4 270 294.5 257.3 210 170.5 123 80.6 2265 Source: Environment Canada9 Air pollution Windsor Air Quality Study 2010 to 2011 Robert F. Kennedy Jr. is concerned about pollution generated in the United States affecting Windsor. Respiratory illnesses that are associated with pollution are more prevalent here than elsewhere in Canada as Windsor is downwind from several strong polluters.10 The Weather Network has designated Windsor as "the smog capital of Canada."11 Windsor's Citizens Environment Alliance holds a yearly art event entitled Smogfest to raise awareness of air quality issues. A 2001 article in Environmental Health Perspectives stated that the rates of mortality morbidity as hospitalizations and congenital anomalies in the Windsor Area of Concern ranked among the highest of the 17 Areas of Concern on the Canadian side of the Great Lakes for selected end points that might be related to pollution.12 In the summer of 2003 Transit Windsor provided free transit on smog advisory days. The pilot project was extremely successful and drew interest from across the country and Europe. Ridership increased nearly 50% on those days. There was extensive local media coverage stories on the project were featured on The Weather Network CBC NewsWorld in newspapers and on radio stations across the nation.13 Despite the success the pilot project was discontinued as the budget for the program was quickly expended. Cityscape Windsor's Riverside Drive and Riverfront Bike Trail from Dieppe Gardens. Main article: Parks in Windsor Ontario See also: Skyscrapers of Windsor Ontario Windsor's Department of Parks and Recreation14 maintains 3000 acres (12 km2) of green space 180 parks 40 miles (64 km) of trails 22 miles (35 km) of sidewalk 60 parking lots vacant lands natural areas and forest cover within the city of Windsor. The largest park is Mic Mac Park which can accommodate many different activities including baseball soccer biking and sledding. Windsor has numerous bike trails the largest being the Ganatchio Trail on the far east side of the city. In recent years city council has pushed for the addition of bicycle lanes on city streets to provide links throughout the existing trail network. The Windsor trail network is linked to the LaSalle Trail in the west end and will eventually be linked to the Chrysler Canada Greenway (part of the Trans Canada Trail). The current greenway is a 42 km former railway corridor that has been converted into a multi-use recreational trail underground utility corridor and natural green space. The corridor begins south of Oldcastle and continues south through McGregor Harrow Kingsville and Ruthven. The Greenway is a fine trail for hiking biking running birding cross country skiing and in some areas horseback riding. It connects natural areas rich agricultural lands historically and architecturally significant structures and award winning wineries. A separate 5 km landscaped traverses the riverfront between downtown and the Ambassador Bridge. Part of this trail winds through Odette Sculpture Park displaying various modern and post-modern sculptures from artists in Essex County. Families of elephants (see picture) penguins horses and many other themed sculptures are found in the park. Economy Windsor's economy is primarily based on education manufacturing tourism and government services. Both the University of Windsor and St. Clair College are significant local employers and have enjoyed substantial growth and expansion in recent years. The recent addition of a full-program satellite medical school of the University of Western Ontario which opened in 2008 at the University of Windsor is further enhancing the region's economy and the status of the university. The university is currently constructing a $112 million facility for their Engineering Faculty. Windsor has a well-established tourism industry. Caesars Windsor (formerly Casino Windsor) one of the largest casinos in Canada ranks as one of the largest local employers. It has been a major draw for U.S. visitors since opening in 1994. Further the 1150-kilometre (710 mi) Quebec City Windsor Corridor contains 18 million people with 51% of the Canadian population and three out of the four largest metropolitan areas according to the 2001 Census. The city also boasts an extensive riverfront parks system and fine restaurants such as those on Erie Street in Windsor's Little Italy called "Via Italia" another popular tourist destination. The Lake Erie North Shore Wine Region in Essex County has enhanced tourism in the region. Windsor is the headquarters of Hiram Walker & Sons Limited now owned by Pernod Ricard. Its historic distillery was founded by Hiram Walker in 1858 in what was then Walkerville Ontario. Windsor is one of Canada's major automobile manufacturing centres. However plant closures and significant job losses in recent years have impacted Windsor's automotive manufacturing industry. The city is home to the headquarters of Chrysler Canada. Automotive facilities include the Chrysler minivan assembly plant two Ford Motor Company engine plants and a number of tool and die and automotive parts manufacturers. The city's diversifying economy is also represented by companies involved in pharmaceuticals alternative energy insurance internet and software. Windsor is also home to the Windsor Salt Mine and the Great Lakes Regional office of the International Joint Commission. Demographics Census Population 1841 300 1871 4253 1881 6561 1891 10322 1901 12153 1911 17829 1921 38591 1931 63108 1941 104415 1951 120049 1961 114367 1971 203300 1981 192083 1991 191435 2001 208402 2006 216473 Ethnic Origin 200115 Ethnic Origin Percentage Canadian 28.1% French 21.2% English 18.5% Irish 13.1% Scottish 12.1% Italian 9.7% German 7.1% Polish 4.0% Lebanese 2.9% Ukrainian 2.9% multiple responses included Religion 200116 Religion Percentage Catholic 48.3% Protestant 23.9% No religion 12.1% Muslim 4.8% Orthodox 4.3% In 2006 the population of Windsor was 216473 and that of the Windsor metropolitan area (consisting of Windsor Tecumseh Amherstburg LaSalle and Lakeshore) was 323342.17 This represents a growth of 3.5% in the city population since 2001 and a growth of 5.0% in the metropolitan area population since 2001.18 Because of its jobs Windsor attracts many immigrants from around the world. Over 20% of the population is foreign-born; this is the fourth-highest proportion for a Canadian city. Visible minorities make up 21.0% of the population making it the most diverse city in Ontario outside of the Greater Toronto Area.1920 From the 2001 Canadian census Windsor's population was 48.9% male and 51.1% female. Children under five accounted for 6.3% of the city population compared to 5.6% for Canada. Persons of retirement age (65 years and over) accounted for 14.1% of the population in Windsor compared to 13.0% for Canada. The median age in Windsor is 36.0 years compared to 37.6 years for Canada.21 Government Windsor City Hall. Windsor's history as an industrial centre has given the New Democrats (a party partially founded governed and supported by labour unions) a dedicated voting base. During federal and provincial elections Windsorites have maintained its local representation in the respective legislatures. The Liberal Party of Canada also has a strong electoral history in the city. Canada's 21st Prime Minister Paul Martin was born in Windsor. His father Paul Martin (Sr.) a federal cabinet minister in several portfolios through the Liberal governments of the 1940s 1950s and 1960s was first elected to the House of Commons from a Windsor riding in the 1930s. Martin (Sr.) practiced law in the city and the federal building on Ouellette Avenue is named after him. Eugene Whelan was a Liberal cabinet minister and one-time Liberal party leadership candidate elected from Essex County from the 1960s to the early 1980s as well as Mark MacGuigan of Windsor-Walkerville riding who also served as External Affairs and later Justice minister in the early 1980s. Deputy Prime Minister Herb Gray represented Windsor as an MP from 1962 through 2003 winning thirteen consecutive elections making him the longest serving MP in Canadian history.22 A bust of Herb Gray is located at the foot of Ouellette Avenue near Dieppe Park in downtown Windsor. Current representation The current mayor of Windsor is Eddie Francis a Lebanese Canadian. He was the city's youngest mayor when he was first elected at age 29 in 2003. Windsor is governed under the Council-Manager form of local government and includes the elected City Council mayor and an appointed Chief Administrative Officer. The city is divided into ten wards with one councillor representing each ward. The mayor serves as the chief executive officer of the city and functions as its ceremonial head. Day-to-day operations of the government are carried out by the Chief Administrative Officer. In August 2009 Windsor City Council approved a 10-ward electoral system for the 2010 civic election. Under the new plan voters will elect one Councillor in each of the ten new wards. The new election map will double the number of wards that have existed along unchanged boundaries for 30 years.23 At the provincial and federal levels Windsor is divided into two ridings: Windsor West and WindsorTecumseh. The city is currently represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario by two Liberal MPPs: Sandra Pupatello (Windsor West) and Dwight Duncan (WindsorTecumseh). Federally Windsor West was a longtime Liberal stronghold under Herb Gray while WindsorTecumseh has traditionally been a Liberal-NDP swing riding. Both ridings are currently represented in the federal Parliament by NDP MPs: Brian Masse (Windsor West) and Joe Comartin (WindsorTecumseh). New city wards Ward 1 : South(west) Windsor including Roseland Ojibway Park and Windsor Raceway Ward 2 : West Windsor including University District and Old Sandwich Towne Ward 3 : Central Windsor including City Centre Via Italia and South Central Ward 4 : Walkerville and South Walkerville Ward 5 : East Windsor and Ford City including western Fountainbleau Ward 6 : Old Riverside including Little River Acres (The Villages) and Pilette Village Ward 7 : Forest Glade and East Riverside Ward 8 : eastern Fountainbleau including Roseville Gardens; East Windsor Ward 9 : South Windsor including Devonshire Heights Windsor Airport and Old Sandwich South Ward 10: South Cameron and Remington Park communities Culture and tourism Caesars Windsor hotel. Art Gallery of Windsor overlooking riverfront rock gardens Windsor tourist attractions include Caesars Windsor a lively downtown Little Italy the Art Gallery of Windsor the Odette Sculpture Park and Ojibway Park. As a border settlement Windsor was a site of conflict during the War of 1812 a major entry point into Canada for refugees from slavery via the Underground Railroad and a major source of liquor during American Prohibition. Two sites in Windsor have been designated as National Historic Sites of Canada: the Sandwich First Baptist Church a church established by Underground Railroad refugees and Franois Bby House an important War of 1812 site now serving as Windsor's Community Museum.2425 The Capital Theatre in downtown Windsor had been a venue for feature films plays and other attractions since 1929 until it declared bankruptcy in 2007. As of 2009 the Capital Theatre was open showcasing various features. Windsor's nickname is the "Rose City" or the "City of Roses" and the city is noted for the several large parks and gardens found on its waterfront. The Queen Elizabeth II Sunken Garden is located at Jackson Park in the central part of the city. A World War II era Avro Lancaster was displayed on a stand in the middle of Jackson Park for over four decades but has since been removed for restoration. This park is now home to a mounted Spitfire replica and a Hurricane replica. Chrysler's Canada HQ in downtown Windsor as seen from Dieppe Gardens along the riverfront. Of the parks lining Windsor's waterfront the largest is the 5 km (three mile) stretch overlooking the Detroit skyline. It extends from the Ambassador Bridge to the Hiram Walker Distillery. The western portion of the park contains the Odette Sculpture Park which features over 30 large-scale contemporary sculptures for public viewing along with the Canadian Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The central portion contains Dieppe Gardens Civic Terrace and Festival Plaza and the eastern portion is home to the Bert Weeks Memorial Gardens. Further east along the waterfront is Coventry Gardens across from Detroit's Belle Isle. The focal point of this park is the Charles Brooks Memorial Peace Fountain which floats in the Detroit River and has a coloured light display at night. The fountain is the largest of its kind in North America and symbolizes the peaceful relationship between Canada and the United States. Fireworks at the Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival. Each summer Windsor co-hosts the two-week-long Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival which culminates in a gigantic fireworks display that celebrates Canada Day and US Independence Day. The fireworks display is among the world's largest and is held on the final Wednesday in June over the Detroit River between the two downtowns. Each year the event attracts over a million spectators to both sides of the riverfront. Following the 2008 Red Bull Air Race World Championship in Detroit Michigan Windsor successfully put in a bid to become the first Canadian city to host the event. Red Bull touted the 2009 race in Windsor as one of the most exciting in the seven-year history of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship26 and on January 22 2010 it was announced that Windsor will be a host city for the 2010 and 2011 circuits27 along with a select group of major international cities that includes Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Perth Australia and New York New York. The event attracted 200000 fans to the Detroit River waterfront in 2009. The Red Bull air races were cancelled worldwide for 2011.28 Windsor has often been the place where many metro Detroiters find what is forbidden in the United States. With a minimum legal drinking age of 21 in Michigan and 19 in Ontario a number of 19 and 20-year-old Americans frequent Windsor's bars. The city also became a gaming attraction with Caesars Windsor's opening in 1994 five years before casinos opened in Detroit. In addition one can purchase Cuban cigars Cuban Rum less-costly prescription drugs Absinthe certain imported foods and other items not available in the United States. In addition many same-sex couples from the United States have chosen to marry in Windsor which is illegal in Michigan and most parts of the United States but is legal in Canada. Media Windsor Star offices on Ferry Street Main article: Media in Windsor Ontario Windsor is considered part of the Detroit television and radio market for purposes of territorial rights. Due to this fact and its proximity to Toledo and Cleveland radio and television broadcasters in Windsor are accorded a special status by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission exempting them from many of the Canadian content ("CanCon") requirements most broadcasters in Canada are required to follow. The CanCon requirements are sometimes blamed in part for the decline in popularity of Windsor radio station CKLW a 50000 watt AM radio station that in the late 1960s (prior to the advent of CanCon) had been the top-rated radio station not only in Detroit and Windsor but also in Toledo and Cleveland. Windsor has also been exempt from concentration of media ownership rules. Except for Blackburn Radio-owned stations CJWF-FM and a rebroadcaster of Chatham's CKUE-FM in Windsor all other current commercial media outlets are owned by a single company CTVglobemedia. The city is also home to one campus radio station CJAM-FM situated on the University of Windsor campus.29 Education Dillon Hall University of Windsor St. Clair College campus on Riverside Drive. Windsor is home to the University of Windsor which is Canada's southernmost university. It is a research oriented comprehensive university with a student population of 16000 full-time graduate and undergraduate students. Now entering its most ambitious capital expansion since its founding in 1963 the University of Windsor opened its Medical Education Building which houses the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry. As well with the help of $40 million in Ontario government funding the University will construct a new 300000-square-foot (28000 m2) $112-million Centre for Engineering Innovation a structure that will establish revolutionary design standards across Canada and beyond. The university is just east of the Ambassador Bridge south of the Detroit River. Windsor is also home to St. Clair College with a student population of 6500 full-time students. Its main campus is in Windsor and it also has campuses in Chatham and Wallaceburg. In 2007 St. Clair College opened a satellite campus in downtown Windsor in the former Cleary International Centre. In April 2010 St. Clair College added to its downtown Windsor presence with the addition of its MediaPlex school. Together they bring over one thousand students into the downtown core every day. In Spring 2011 it was announced that the University of Windsor would move its music and visual art programs downtown to be housed in the historic Armouries building at Freedom Way and University Ave E. The move should bring an additional 500 students into the downtown core daily. The University is also studying the feasibility of moving the School of Social Work to the Windsor Star buildings at the corner of Pitt and Ferry streets. Windsor is home to two International Baccalaureate recognized schools: Assumption College School (a Catholic high school) and Acadmie Ste. Ccile International School (a private school). Vincent Massey Secondary School is renowned in Southern Ontario for its notable accomplishments nationally in mathematics and computer science. Windsor youth attend schools in the Greater Essex County District School Board the Windsor-Essex Catholic District School Board Conseil scolaire de district des coles catholiques du Sud-Ouest and Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest. Independent faith-based schools include Maranatha Christian Academy (JK-12) First Lutheran Christian Academy (preschool-8) and Acadmie Ste. Ccile International School (JK-12 including International Baccalaureate) and Windsor Adventist Elementary School. The non-denominational Lakeview Montessori School is a private school as well. The Windsor Public Library offers education entertainment and community history materials programs and services. The main branch coordinates a literacy program for adults needing functional literacy upgrading. The Canada South Science City30 serves the Elementary School Curriculums Science and Technology component. Infrastructure Health systems There are two hospitals in Windsor: Htel-Dieu Grace Hospital and Windsor Regional Hospital. Htel-Dieu Grace Hospital is the result of an amalgamation of Grace Hospital and Htel-Dieu in 1994. The merger occurred due to the Government of Ontario's province-wide policy to consolidate resources into Local Health Integrated Networks or LHINs. This was to eliminate duplicate services and allocate resources more efficiently across the region. The policy resulted in the closure of many community-based and historically important hospitals across the province. Two of Windsor's independent hospitals: Metropolitan General Hospital on Lens Ave and Windsor Western Hospital on Prince Road were joined to form Windsor Regional Hospital. The original hospital sites remain but the operations are administratively centralized through the new collective structure. Windsor hospitals have formal and informal agreements with Detroit-area hospitals. For instance pediatric neurosurgery is no longer performed in Windsor. The Windsor Star reported in July 2007 that Htel-Dieu Grace has formally instituted an agreement with Detroit's Harper Hospital to provide this specialty and surgery for the dozen patients requiring care annually. Leamington District Memorial Hospital in Leamington Ontario serves much of Essex County and along with the Windsor institutions share resources with the Chatham-Kent Health Alliance. Over five thousand Windsor residents are employed in the health care industry alone in Metro Detroit. With more work hours and a generally higher rate of pay there is frustration among Windsor hospital administration to attract and retain skilled nurses and doctors to work in Ontario. The Essex County Medical Society lists family doctors accepting patients.31 Many people who do not seek a family doctor use the region's many walk-in clinics for regular medical conditions. Transportation See also: Roads in Windsor Ontario and Bike trails in Windsor Ontario. Highway 401 in Windsor near its western terminus with Dougall Parkway. New bus terminal opened in 2007. Windsor is the western terminus of both Highway 401 Canada's busiest highway and Via Rail's Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Windsor's Via station is the nation's sixth-busiest in terms of passenger volumes. The city is served by Windsor Airport with regular scheduled commuter air service by Air Canada Jazz and heavy general aviation traffic. The Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport is located approximately 40 km across the border in Romulus Michigan and is the airport of choice for many Windsor residents as it has regular flights to a larger variety of destinations than Windsor Airport.32 Windsor is also located on the St. Lawrence Seaway and is accessible to ocean-going vessels. Local transportation is provided by Transit Windsor the city-owned bus company which shares its newly constructed $8-million downtown depot with Greyhound Lines. The new depot opened in 2007. Main article: E.C. Row Expressway Windsor has a municipal highway E.C. Row Expressway running east-west through the city. Consisting of 15.7 km (9.8 mi) of highway and nine interchanges the expressway is the fastest way for commuters to travel across the city. E.C. Row Expressway is actually in the Guinness Book of Records as the shortest freeway that took the longest time to build as it took more than 15 years to completecitation needed. The expressway stretches from Windsor's far west end at Ojibway Parkway east to Banwell Road on the city's border with Tecumseh. Via rail train at Windsor train station The majority of development in Windsor stretches along the water instead of in-land. Due to this there is a lack of east-west arteries compared to north-south arteries. Only Riverside Drive Wyandotte Street Tecumseh Road and the E.C. Row Expressway serve the almost 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the west end of Windsor eastward. All of these roads are burdened with east-west commuter traffic from the development in the city's east end and suburbs further east. There are eight north-south roads interchanging with the expressway: Huron Church Road Dominion Boulevard Dougall Avenue Howard Avenue Walker Road Central Avenue Jefferson Boulevard and Lauzon Parkway. Traffic backups on some of these north-south roads at the E.C. Row Expressway are common mainly at Dominion Dougall Howard and Walker as the land south of the expressway and east of Walker is occupied by Windsor airport and there is little development. Windsor's many rail crossings intersect with these north-south thoroughfares. In October 2008 the Province of Ontario completed a grade separation at Walker Road and the CP Rail line. Another grade separation was completed in November 2010 at Howard Avenue and the CP Rail line. In both cases the road travels under the rail line and both have below grade intersections with an east-west street. These were planned as parts of the "Let's Get Windsor-Essex Moving" project funded by the Province of Ontario to improve local transportation infrastructure. Windsor is connected to Essex and Leamington via Highway 3 and is well connected to the other municipalities and communities throughout Essex County via the county road network. Nearly 20000 vehicles travel on Highway 3 in Essex County on a daily basis. It is the main route to work for many residents of Leamington Kingsville and Essex. Windsor is linked to the United States by the Ambassador Bridge the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel a Canadian Pacific Railway tunnel and the Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry. The Ambassador Bridge is North America's #1 international border crossing in terms of goods volume: 27% of all trade between Canada and the United States crosses at the Ambassador Bridge. Windsor has a bike trail network including the (Riverfront Bike Trail Ganatchio Bike Trail and Little River Extension). They have become a blend of parkland and transportation as people use the trails to commute to work or across downtown on their bicycles. The Port of Windsor is located on the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway System on the Detroit River. The port is the third largest Canadian Great Lakes port in terms of shipments.33 Ambassador Bridge and potential third crossing Main article: Ambassador Bridge The Ambassador Bridge at sunset. A major and controversial issue is the amount of traffic to and from the Ambassador Bridge. The number of vehicles crossing the bridge has doubled since 1990. However the total volume of traffic has been declining since the September 11 2001 attacks. Access to the Ambassador Bridge is via two municipal roads: Huron Church Road and Wyandotte Street. A large portion of the traffic consists of tractor-trailers. There have been at times a wall of trucks up to 8 km (5.0 mi) long on Huron Church Road. This road cuts through the west end of the city and the trucks are the source of many complaints about noise pollution and pedestrian hazards. In 2003 a single mother of three Jacqueline Bouchard was struck and killed by a truck at the corner of Huron Church and Girardot Avenue in front of Assumption College Catholic High School a tragedy argued to be due to a lack of practical safety precautions.34 Windsor City Council hired famous traffic consultant Sam Schwartz to produce a proposal for a solution to this traffic problem. City councillors overwhelmingly endorsed the proposal and it was presented to the federal government as a "Made in Windsor" solution. Not all of the surrounding residents supported the plan. One problem with the plan is that the proposed road would cut through protected green spaces such as the Ojibway Prairie Reserve. In 2005 the Detroit River International Crossing (DRIC - a joint Canadian-American committee studying the options for expanding the border crossing) announced that its preferred option was to directly extend Highway 401 westward to a new bridge spanning the Detroit River and interchange with Interstate 75 somewhere between the existing Ambassador Bridge span and Wyandotte. On April 9 2010 the City of Windsor along with local cabinet ministers Dwight Duncan and Sandra Pupatello of the Province of Ontario announced that a final decision had been made in the plans to construct the Windsor-Essex Parkway the new Highway 401 extension leading to a future crossing. The announcement indicated that the project will be the most expensive road ever built in Canada per kilometre and included commitments to enhance green space design through the use of berming landscaping and other aesthetic treatments. As part of negotiations with the City of Windsor (who threatened legal action in pursuit of more tunneling and green space of the route) the province agreed to additional funding to infrastructure projects in Windsor-Essex; this includes money for the improvement to the plaza of the Canadian side of the Windsor-Detroit tunnel the widening and other improvements of Walker Rd between Division Rd and E.C. Row Expressway and the environmental assessment and preliminary design of a future extension of Lauzon Parkway to Highway 401. Skyline Sister cities Windsor's Riverfront walk is lined with sculptures such as this one named "Anne" the Lady Dipper. Windsor has several sister cities in the world - dates are in parentheses: Changchun China (1992)35 Coventry U.K. (1963)36 Fujisawa Japan (1987) Granby Quebec Canada (1956)37 Cornwall Ontario Canada (1972) Gunsan South Korea (2005)38 Lublin Poland (2000)39 Mannheim Germany (1980)40 Las Vueltas El Salvador (1987)41 Ohrid Macedonia Saint-tienne France (1963)36 Saltillo Mexico Udine Italy (1975)42 Sports The WFCU Centre is the current home of the Windsor Spitfires. Windsor's sports fans tend to support the major professional sports league teams in either Detroit or Toronto but the city itself is home to the following youth minor league post-secondary and professional teams. Many Windsor sports teams at the amateur level are sponsored by the AKO Fraternity. Windsor Spitfires (Ontario Hockey League Major Junior "A" 2009 & 2010 Memorial Cup Champions) Windsor Clippers (Ontario Lacrosse Association Junior "B") Windsor AKO Fratmen (Canadian Junior Football League) Windsor Lancers (Canadian Interuniversity Sport) St. Clair Saints (Canadian Colleges Athletic Association) Windsor Rogues Rugby43 (Ontario Rugby Union (ORU)) Windsor FC Nationals (Ontario Youth Soccer League)(Western Ontario Youth Soccer League) Windsor Fight Team (Mixed Martial Arts) Former teams Windsor Bulldogs (OHA Senior A Hockey League) 1953-1964 won 1963 Allan Cup) Windsor St. Clair Saints (Major League Hockey Senior "AAA"/CCAA) Windsor Royals/Bulldogs (Western Ontario Hockey League) now known as LaSalle Vipers Windsor Bulldogs (Canadian Professional Hockey League) 1920s and 1930s Windsor Hornets (Canadian Professional Hockey League) 1920s Windsor Border Stars (Canadian Soccer League) Windsor Gotfredsons (International Hockey League) 1940s Windsor Spitfires (International Hockey League) 1940s Windsor Warlocks (Major Series Lacrosse) 2004 Windsor Clippers (OLA Senior B Lacrosse League) 1960s Windsor Warlocks (OLA Junior A Lacrosse League) 1970s Windsor Mariners (Ontario Australian Football League) 2000s Red Bull Air Races Windsor has hosted a round of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship in each of 2009 and 2010 (Detroit hosted the race in 2008). The races take place on a course of pylons set up on the Detroit River right over the border between Canada and the USA. Notable people Main article: List of people from Windsor Ontario See also 1946 WindsorTecumseh Ontario tornado 1997 Southeast Michigan tornado outbreak Caesars Windsor DetroitWindsor Detroit Flag of Windsor Ontario Metro Detroit Super Outbreak University of Windsor WFCU Centre WindsorDetroit International Freedom Festival References a b "Windsor (city) community profile". 2006 Census data. Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfmLangE&Geo1CSD&Code13537039&Geo2PR&Code235&DataCount&SearchTextwindsor&SearchTypeBegins&SearchPR01&B1All&Custom. Retrieved 2011-04-04.  a b "Windsor (census metropolitan area) community profile". 2006 Census data. Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfmLangE&Geo1CMA&Code1559&Geo2PR&Code235&DataCount&SearchTextwindsor&SearchTypeBegins&SearchPR01&B1All&Custom. Retrieved 2011-04-04.  "The Timeline: Fire of 1871". Settling Canada's South: How Windsor Was Made. Windsor Public Library. 2002. http://209.202.75.197/digi/chi/timeline.aspLangenglish. Retrieved 2008-03-14.  History History of Essex Countydead link Environment Canada. Retrieved March 28 2008. http://www.livingin-canada.com/climate-windsor.html Enivronment Canada. Retrieved April 28 2009. Environment CanadaCanadian Climate Normals 19712000. Retrieved 13 August 2009. Windsor 'the most polluted city in North America': RFK Jr The Weather Network - Air Quality - Air Quality - A Provincial Prospective Gilbertson M Brophy J (December 2001). "Community health profile of Windsor Ontario Canada: anatomy of a Great Lakes area of concern". Environ. Health Perspect.. 109 (Brogan &#38) Suppl 6: 82743. doi:10.2307/3454645. JSTOR 3454645. PMC 1240618. PMID 11744501. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/members/2001/suppl-6/827-843gilbertson/gilbertson-full.html.  Transit on Smog Days "Parks and Facility Operations". City of Windsor. http://www.citywindsor.ca/000052.asp. Retrieved January 21 2007.  Selected Ethnic Origin for Windsor 2001. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 17 April 2009. Religion for Windsor 2001. Statistics Canada. Retrieved on 17 April 2009. City of Windsor. Demographics. Available online at: http://www.citywindsor.ca/000503.asp National Post. "2001 census analysis: Highlights" Available online at: http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.htmlid3ee543f5-8c6b-4de0-acea-b4fe7305a42f Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table Visible Minorities and Ethnicity in Ontario Age & Sex Parliament of Canada (website) History of Federal Ridings since 1867. . Retrieved 17 July 2007. By-law to redivide the wards in the City of Windsor Sandwich First Baptist Church. Canadian Register of Historic Places Franois Bby House. Canadian Register of Historic Places Red Bull Air Race Windsor locks in Red Bull air races for two years Red Bull Air Race 2011 CJAM 91.5 Windsor / Detroit Campus Community Radio Canada South Science City "Doctor's Taking Patients" Essex County Medical Society. Retrieved 16 July 2007. aircanada.com PORT WINDSOR - About the Portdead link Suit settled in death that led to overpass Changchun City China website. Retrieved 2 July 2009. a b Coventry Twin Cities (Windsor. Retrieved 2 July 2009. L'Association socioculturelle Granby et ses villes jumeles. Retrieved 2 July 2009. Gunsan City Worldwide Sisterhood Cities. Retrieved 2 July 2009. Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities. Retrieved 2 July 2009. Mannheims Partnerstdte - von Bydgoszcz bis Zhenjiang. Retrieved 2 July 2009. City of Windsor Our Twin Cities (Las Vueltas). Retrieved 2 July 2009. Citt gemellate (Windsor)dead link. Retrieved 2 July 2009. Welcome To Windsor Rugby (Windsor Rogues Rugby) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Windsor Ontario Windsor-Essex Parkway City of Windsor Community of Windsor Ontario - Community Living Resources Windsor ON Canada CBC Windsor Cycle Windsor includes map of bike network in PDF format Community Portal Arts Council Windsor & Region Article reflecting on the decline of the automotive industry in the area by Jorn Madslien BBC Woodford Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 17012001. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4.  Detroit Michigan Detroit River Lake St. Clair Detroit Michigan / Detroit River River Rouge Michigan / Detroit River Tecumseh    Windsor     Ecorse Michigan / Detroit River LaSalle v d eWindsor Ontario General topics Demographics Economy Transportation Windsor Suburban Roads Media Sister Cities Windsor Ontario Category Essex Terminal Railway Politics History Windsor City Council Mayors of Windsor Flag of Windsor Coat of Arms of Windsor Sister Cities Attractions Education St. Clair College U of W Hiram Walker Caesars Windsor Canadian Club Devonshire Mall Roundhouse Centre WindsorDetroit International Freedom Festival Windsor salt mine Culture and Parks Neighbourhoods Skyscrapers and buildings Ojibway Prairie Complex Odette Sculpture Park Bike Trails Riverfront Bike Trail Ganatchio Trail Little River Extension Grand Marais Trail Trans-Canada Trail Chrysler Canada Greenway Russell Street Neighbourhood Trail Weather and Climate Windsor Ontario's Climate 1946 Windsor-Tecumseh Tornado 1974 Windsor Tornado 1997 Windsor Tornadoes Weather Records in Windsor Infrastructure and Transportation Ambassador Bridge DetroitWindsor Tunnel List of Windsor Roads Windsor Roads Template Windsor Suburban Roads Related topics Detroit Detroit River DetroitWindsor Essex County Ontario Peche Island Quebec City Windsor Corridor Essex County LaSalle Tecumseh Lakeshore Amherstburg Essex Kingsville Leamington Pelee List of municipalities in Ontario v d eCensus metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada by size Toronto ON  Montreal QC  Vancouver BC  Ottawa ON  Calgary AB  Edmonton AB  Quebec City QC  Winnipeg MB  Hamilton ON  London ON  Cambridge-Kitchener-Waterloo ON  St. Catharines-Niagara ON  Halifax NS  Oshawa ON  Victoria BC  Windsor ON  Saskatoon SK  Regina SK  Sherbrooke QC  St. John's NL  Barrie ON  Kelowna BC  Abbotsford BC  Greater Sudbury ON  Kingston ON  Saguenay QC  Trois-Rivires QC  Guelph ON  Moncton NB  Brantford ON  Thunder Bay ON  Saint John NB  Peterborough ON v d eMetro Detroit Topics Architecture  Culture  Detroit River  Economy  Freeways  History  Historic places  International Riverfront  Lake St. Clair  Media  Music  Parks and beaches  People  Skyscrapers  Sports  Theatre  Tourism Transportation Major city Detroit Municipalities over 80000 Canton Township  Clinton Township  Dearborn  Livonia  Sterling Heights  Troy  Warren  Westland Municipalities 50000 to 80000 Dearborn Heights  Farmington Hills  Grosse Pointe  Macomb Township  Novi  Pontiac  Redford Township  Rochester Hills  Royal Oak  Saint Clair Shores  Shelby Township  Southfield  Taylor  Waterford Township  West Bloomfield Township Satellite cities Ann Arbor  Brighton  Flint  Howell  Lapeer  Monroe  Port Huron  Toledo  Windsor  Ypsilanti Counties in MSA Lapeer  Livingston  Macomb  Oakland  St. Clair  Wayne Counties in CSA Genesee  Monroe   Washtenaw Regions Southeast Michigan  Great Lakes Outlying regions Central Michigan  Flint/Tri-Cities  Northwest Ohio  Southwestern Ontario  Michigan  United States